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Background" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25"> +<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4"> + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/urchin.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> +<script type="text/javascript"> + _uacct = "UA-254067-1"; +urchinTracker(); +</script> +</head> +<body> + + +<!-- this is by kouji . system header start ----------- --------------------------------------------> + +<div id="main"> +<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div> +<!-- end header --> + +<!-- begin sidebar --> + <div id="nav"> +<ul id="navul"> + <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-102 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li> + +</ul> + <script type="text/javascript"> + <!-- // + UNU.prepareNavigation(); + //--> + </script> +<form method="get" id="searchform" action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/"> +<div> +<input name="s" id="s" type="text"><input id="searchbtn" value="Search" type="submit"> +</div> +</form> + + </div> +<!-- end sidebar --> + + + +<div id="content"> + +<div id="padding"> + + + +<div class="post" id="post-102"> + <h1 class="storytitle">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" rel="bookmark"></a></h1> + <div class="storycontent"> + <p>Although there are costs associated with undertaking EIA, +experience has shown that the potential savings over the life of a +project can repay the investment many times over. The savings can be +economic (e.g. identification of least cost alternative) as well as +environmental (e.g. impact reduction, maintaining other resource use +opportunities). Generally the earlier EIA process is introduced in the +project cycle, the greater the potential returns. When EIA is integrated + into the project preparation phase, environmental design considerations + can be introduced in the first place rather than the proposal having to + be modified later. +</p> +<p><font size="2"><b>Benefits</b></font> +</p> +<p>The benefits of EIA can be direct, such as the improved design or +location of a project, or indirect, such as better quality EIA work or +raised environmental awareness of the personnel involved in the project. + In these cases, there will be with flow-on effects in their future +work. As mentioned above, these potential gains from EIA increase the +earlier the process is applied in the design process. +</p> +<p>In general the benefits of EIA include: +</p> +<ul> +<li>Better environmental planning and design of a proposal. Carrying out + an EIA entails an analysis of alternatives in the design and location +of projects. This can result in the selection of an improved technology, + which lowers waste outputs or an environmentally optimum location for a + project. A well-designed project can minimise risks and impacts on the +environment and people, and thereby avoid associated costs of remedial +treatment or compensation for damage. + </li> +<li>Ensuring compliance with environmental standards. Compliance with +environmental standards reduces damage to the environment and disruption + to communities. It also avoids the likelihood of penalties, fines and +loss of trust and credibility. + </li> +<li>Savings in capital and operating costs. EIA can avoid the undue +costs of unanticipated impacts. These can escalate if environmental +problems have not been considered from the start of proposal design and +require rectification later. An ‘anticipate and avoid’ approach is +much cheaper than ‘react and cure’. Generally, changes which must be + made late in the project cycle are the most expensive. + </li> +<li>Reduced time and costs of approvals of development applications. If +all environmental concerns have been taken into account properly before +submission for project approval, then it is unlikely that delays will +occur as a result of decision-makers asking for additional information +or alterations to mitigation measures. Increased project acceptance by +the public. + </li> +</ul> +<p>This is achieved by an open and transparent EIA process, with +provision of opportunities for public involvement of people who are most + directly affected by and interested in the proposal, in an appropriate +way that suits their needs. +</p> +<div class="flvPlayer"> <object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" height="260" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://eia.unu.edu/flvplayer.swf?file=http://eia.unu.edu/course/video/1a_costs_and_benifits.flv&autoStart=false;"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/flvplayer.swf" quality="high" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" height="260" width="320"><br> + </object></div> +<p></p> +<p><font size="2"><b>Costs</b></font> +</p> +<p>It can be difficult to determine the exact costs of an EIA because +major projects typically require a large number of investigations and +reports, often for closely related purposes (e.g. engineering +feasibility studies of hydrology and surface materials). The World Bank +notes that the cost of preparing an EIA rarely exceeds one per cent of +the project costs and this percentage can be reduced further if local +personnel are used to do most of the work. For Bank projects, the +relative cost of an EIA typically ranges from only 0.06 per cent to 0.10 + per cent of total project costs. The total cost of an EIA might range +from a few thousand dollars for a very small project, to over a million +dollars for a large and complex project, which has a significant +environmental impact and requires extensive data collection and +analysis. +</p> +<p>Although many proponents complain that EIA causes excessive delays in + projects, many of these are caused by poor administration of the +process rather than by the process itself. These occur when: +</p> +<ul> +<li>the EIA is commenced too late in the project cycle; + </li> +<li>the terms of reference are poorly drafted;. + </li> +<li>the EIA is not managed to a schedule; + </li> +<li>the technical and consultative components of EIA are inadequate; and + </li> +<li>the EIA report is incomplete or deficient as a basis for decision making. + </li> +</ul> +<p>Similar considerations apply to the timeframe for the EIA process. +Most projects merely require screening and might take only an hour or +two of work. Where further EIA work is necessary, the time taken can +range from a few days or weeks, for a small irrigation or a minor +infrastructure project, to two years or more for a large dam or a major +infrastructure project. Generally speaking, the costs and time involved +in EIA should decrease as experience is gained with the process and +there is a better understanding of the impacts associated with different + types of projects and the use of appropriate methods. Over a longer +timeframe, the availability of baseline data should also increase. +</p> +<p>All participants in the EIA process are ‘stakeholders’, who +pursue particular interests and hold different views and preferences. +Full public involvement, open to all affected and interested parties, +provides the best means of ensuring the EIA process is fair and +credible. It allows decision-makers and participants themselves to gain +an understanding of the diversity and balance of opinion on the issues +at stake. The final decision can then be made in a fully informed and +transparent manner, having regard to all the facts and the views by +stakeholders and the public at large Section 3 – Public involvement). +</p> +<p>In addition, there are a number of specific measures that can help to + make the EIA process transparent, accessible and accountable to the +public. Examples of measures that reinforce the fairness of the process +include: +</p> +<ul> +<li>requiring the proponent to register all consultants, their expertise and responsibilities with the administering agency; + </li> +<li>publishing these details in the terms of reference and the EIA report; + </li> +<li>making all EIA documents and reports available to the public; and + </li> +<li>publishing reasons for decisions – screening and final approvals +– together with requirements and terms and conditions for mitigation +and environmental management plans. + </li> +</ul> +<p>Capacity building is the long-term, voluntary process of increasing +the ability of a country to identify and solve its own problems and +risks, and to maximise its opportunities. +</p> +<p>In this context, countries should firstly aim to carry out their own +EIAs of proposals. Second, they should aim to use local experts as much +as possible when undertaking EIAs of proposals financed by the World +Bank and other multilateral lending agencies. Where this is not possible + without compromising the quality of EIAs and outside experts must be +engaged, every opportunity should be taken to transfer their expertise +to local personnel. This strategy will make the implementation of EIA +recommendations more effective and strengthen the basis of EIA expertise + locally. +</p> +<p>Capacity building can be carried out in a number of ways, including +institutional strengthening, technical assistance and advice, and EIA +training programmes. A systematic, long-term commitment will be +necessary to overcome limited capacity of many developing countries to +undertake EIA. In addition, this process should be backed by activities +to strengthen education and research institutions. EIA-specific training + can be done at many different levels and over different periods to meet + a variety of needs. +</p> +<p>A systematic EIA capacity building programme will need to provide a +range of different activities. These could include advice on drafting or + strengthening EIA legislation and procedures, improving their +application to relevant sectors, such as energy and mining, and +strengthening particular aspects of practice, such as public +involvement. Pilot projects involving local experts in actual EIAs of +proposals can be used to transfer ‘hands on’ knowledge and skills. +Supporting activities include developing resource materials and +establishing a network of practitioners with experience in EIA or +technical analysis. +</p> +<p></p> + </div> + <div class="storycontent"> + </div> + <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — @ 12:10 pm </div> + <div class="feedback"> + <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102#comments" title="Comment on 1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">Comments (5)</a> </div> + +</div> + + +<h2 id="comments">5 Comments + <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a> +</h2> + +<ol id="commentlist"> + + <li id="comment-655"> + <p>I have found this very useful in revising for my EIA exam here at the University of Birmingham, England. Thank you</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.westbromblog.blogspot.com/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.westbromblog.blogspot.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">pete</a> — June 1, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-655">5:26 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-59773"> + <p>Great stuff, helped me in preparing for my exam at USP in Fiji.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.spc.int/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.spc.int');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Vinesh Prasad</a> — November 17, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-59773">8:44 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-97131"> + <p>I would like to take this course, what should i do?<br> +Is there any scholarship available for this course?<br> +I personally interest on EIA implementation since I was a student at Faculty Environmental Science, National University of Laos.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Toulie — November 12, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-97131">9:19 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-106845"> + <p>I wish I had stumbled on this website earlier instead of the day before my EIA finals.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Andrew — January 11, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106845">12:25 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-108629"> + <p>Cool stuff, finally i can face my exams with confidence in an hours time. Thanks<br> +University of Nairobi, Kenya</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Steve Ouma — January 23, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-108629">8:00 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + +</ol> + + +<p><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=102"><abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr> feed for comments on this post.</a> +</p> + +<h2 id="postcomment">Leave a comment</h2> + + +<form action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform"> + + +<p><input name="author" id="author" size="22" tabindex="1" type="text"> +<label for="author"><small>Name (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="email" id="email" size="22" tabindex="2" type="text"> +<label for="email"><small>Mail (will not be published) (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="url" id="url" size="22" tabindex="3" type="text"> +<label for="url"><small>Website</small></label></p> + + +<!--<p><small><strong>XHTML:</strong> You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong> </small></p>--> + +<p><textarea name="comment" id="comment" cols="100%" rows="10" tabindex="4"></textarea></p> + +<p> +<input name="comment_post_ID" value="102" type="hidden"> +</p> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var RecaptchaOptions = { theme : 'white', tabindex : 5 }; + </script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/challenge"></script> + + <noscript class="noscript-show"><span> + <iframe src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/noscript.html" frameborder="0" height="300" width="500"></iframe><br> + <textarea name="recaptcha_challenge_field" rows="3" cols="40"></textarea> + <input name="recaptcha_response_field" value="manual_challenge" type="hidden"> + </span></noscript> <div id="recaptcha-submit-btn-area"><input name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="6" class="button" value="Submit Comment" type="submit"></div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var sub = document.getElementById('submit'); + sub.parentNode.removeChild(sub); + document.getElementById('recaptcha-submit-btn-area').appendChild (sub); + document.getElementById('submit').tabIndex = 6; + if ( typeof _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment != 'undefined') { + document.getElementById('comment').value = _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment; + } + </script> + <noscript> + <style type='text/css'>#submit {display:none;}</style> + <input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit-alt" tabindex="6" value="Submit Comment"/> + </noscript> +</form> + + + + +</div> +<!-- footer --> + <div id="footer"> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/about.html">About</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/download.html">Download</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/disclaimer.html">Disclaimer</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/copyright.html">Copyright</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/contact.html">Contact</a></li> + </ul> + + <div id="university"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/unu_logo_white.gif" alt="United Nations University" height="50" width="109"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/footer_link2.gif" alt="UNEP" height="50" width="40"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/Gvu-logo.gif" alt="GVU" height="50" width="141"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/RMIT.gif" alt="RMIT" height="50" width="106"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/USP.gif" alt="USP" height="50" width="137"></div> + </div> + + + </div> + </div> + + + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/e-201312.js" type="text/javascript"></script> +<script type="text/javascript"> +st_go({blog:'3787197',v:'ext',post:'102'}); +var load_cmc = function(){linktracker_init(3787197,102,2);}; +if ( typeof addLoadEvent != 'undefined' ) addLoadEvent(load_cmc); +else load_cmc(); +</script> + + +</body></html>
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