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authorrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
committerrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
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tree54ffa9b60bd255740c312f245db97c63fa78c86e /assignment1/materials/Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA.html
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+<link rel="index" title="Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course">
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+<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div>
+<!-- end header -->
+
+<!-- begin sidebar -->
+ <div id="nav">
+<ul id="navul">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-102 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li>
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+<div class="post" id="post-102">
+ <h1 class="storytitle">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ <p>Although there are costs associated with undertaking EIA,
+experience has shown that the potential savings over the life of a
+project can repay the investment many times over. The savings can be
+economic (e.g. identification of least cost alternative) as well as
+environmental (e.g. impact reduction, maintaining other resource use
+opportunities). Generally the earlier EIA process is introduced in the
+project cycle, the greater the potential returns. When EIA is integrated
+ into the project preparation phase, environmental design considerations
+ can be introduced in the first place rather than the proposal having to
+ be modified later.
+</p>
+<p><font size="2"><b>Benefits</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>The benefits of EIA can be direct, such as the improved design or
+location of a project, or indirect, such as better quality EIA work or
+raised environmental awareness of the personnel involved in the project.
+ In these cases, there will be with flow-on effects in their future
+work. As mentioned above, these potential gains from EIA increase the
+earlier the process is applied in the design process.
+</p>
+<p>In general the benefits of EIA include:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Better environmental planning and design of a proposal. Carrying out
+ an EIA entails an analysis of alternatives in the design and location
+of projects. This can result in the selection of an improved technology,
+ which lowers waste outputs or an environmentally optimum location for a
+ project. A well-designed project can minimise risks and impacts on the
+environment and people, and thereby avoid associated costs of remedial
+treatment or compensation for damage.
+ </li>
+<li>Ensuring compliance with environmental standards. Compliance with
+environmental standards reduces damage to the environment and disruption
+ to communities. It also avoids the likelihood of penalties, fines and
+loss of trust and credibility.
+ </li>
+<li>Savings in capital and operating costs. EIA can avoid the undue
+costs of unanticipated impacts. These can escalate if environmental
+problems have not been considered from the start of proposal design and
+require rectification later. An ‘anticipate and avoid’ approach is
+much cheaper than ‘react and cure’. Generally, changes which must be
+ made late in the project cycle are the most expensive.
+ </li>
+<li>Reduced time and costs of approvals of development applications. If
+all environmental concerns have been taken into account properly before
+submission for project approval, then it is unlikely that delays will
+occur as a result of decision-makers asking for additional information
+or alterations to mitigation measures. Increased project acceptance by
+the public.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>This is achieved by an open and transparent EIA process, with
+provision of opportunities for public involvement of people who are most
+ directly affected by and interested in the proposal, in an appropriate
+way that suits their needs.
+</p>
+<div class="flvPlayer"> <object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" height="260" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://eia.unu.edu/flvplayer.swf?file=http://eia.unu.edu/course/video/1a_costs_and_benifits.flv&amp;autoStart=false;"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-6%20Costs%20and%20benefits%20of%20EIA_files/flvplayer.swf" quality="high" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" height="260" width="320"><br>
+ </object></div>
+<p></p>
+<p><font size="2"><b>Costs</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>It can be difficult to determine the exact costs of an EIA because
+major projects typically require a large number of investigations and
+reports, often for closely related purposes (e.g. engineering
+feasibility studies of hydrology and surface materials). The World Bank
+notes that the cost of preparing an EIA rarely exceeds one per cent of
+the project costs and this percentage can be reduced further if local
+personnel are used to do most of the work. For Bank projects, the
+relative cost of an EIA typically ranges from only 0.06 per cent to 0.10
+ per cent of total project costs. The total cost of an EIA might range
+from a few thousand dollars for a very small project, to over a million
+dollars for a large and complex project, which has a significant
+environmental impact and requires extensive data collection and
+analysis.
+</p>
+<p>Although many proponents complain that EIA causes excessive delays in
+ projects, many of these are caused by poor administration of the
+process rather than by the process itself. These occur when:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the EIA is commenced too late in the project cycle;
+ </li>
+<li>the terms of reference are poorly drafted;.
+ </li>
+<li>the EIA is not managed to a schedule;
+ </li>
+<li>the technical and consultative components of EIA are inadequate; and
+ </li>
+<li>the EIA report is incomplete or deficient as a basis for decision making.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Similar considerations apply to the timeframe for the EIA process.
+Most projects merely require screening and might take only an hour or
+two of work. Where further EIA work is necessary, the time taken can
+range from a few days or weeks, for a small irrigation or a minor
+infrastructure project, to two years or more for a large dam or a major
+infrastructure project. Generally speaking, the costs and time involved
+in EIA should decrease as experience is gained with the process and
+there is a better understanding of the impacts associated with different
+ types of projects and the use of appropriate methods. Over a longer
+timeframe, the availability of baseline data should also increase.
+</p>
+<p>All participants in the EIA process are ‘stakeholders’, who
+pursue particular interests and hold different views and preferences.
+Full public involvement, open to all affected and interested parties,
+provides the best means of ensuring the EIA process is fair and
+credible. It allows decision-makers and participants themselves to gain
+an understanding of the diversity and balance of opinion on the issues
+at stake. The final decision can then be made in a fully informed and
+transparent manner, having regard to all the facts and the views by
+stakeholders and the public at large Section 3 – Public involvement).
+</p>
+<p>In addition, there are a number of specific measures that can help to
+ make the EIA process transparent, accessible and accountable to the
+public. Examples of measures that reinforce the fairness of the process
+include:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>requiring the proponent to register all consultants, their expertise and responsibilities with the administering agency;
+ </li>
+<li>publishing these details in the terms of reference and the EIA report;
+ </li>
+<li>making all EIA documents and reports available to the public; and
+ </li>
+<li>publishing reasons for decisions – screening and final approvals
+– together with requirements and terms and conditions for mitigation
+and environmental management plans.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Capacity building is the long-term, voluntary process of increasing
+the ability of a country to identify and solve its own problems and
+risks, and to maximise its opportunities.
+</p>
+<p>In this context, countries should firstly aim to carry out their own
+EIAs of proposals. Second, they should aim to use local experts as much
+as possible when undertaking EIAs of proposals financed by the World
+Bank and other multilateral lending agencies. Where this is not possible
+ without compromising the quality of EIAs and outside experts must be
+engaged, every opportunity should be taken to transfer their expertise
+to local personnel. This strategy will make the implementation of EIA
+recommendations more effective and strengthen the basis of EIA expertise
+ locally.
+</p>
+<p>Capacity building can be carried out in a number of ways, including
+institutional strengthening, technical assistance and advice, and EIA
+training programmes. A systematic, long-term commitment will be
+necessary to overcome limited capacity of many developing countries to
+undertake EIA. In addition, this process should be backed by activities
+to strengthen education and research institutions. EIA-specific training
+ can be done at many different levels and over different periods to meet
+ a variety of needs.
+</p>
+<p>A systematic EIA capacity building programme will need to provide a
+range of different activities. These could include advice on drafting or
+ strengthening EIA legislation and procedures, improving their
+application to relevant sectors, such as energy and mining, and
+strengthening particular aspects of practice, such as public
+involvement. Pilot projects involving local experts in actual EIAs of
+proposals can be used to transfer ‘hands on’ knowledge and skills.
+Supporting activities include developing resource materials and
+establishing a network of practitioners with experience in EIA or
+technical analysis.
+</p>
+<p></p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ </div>
+ <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — @ 12:10 pm </div>
+ <div class="feedback">
+ <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102#comments" title="Comment on 1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">Comments (5)</a> </div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h2 id="comments">5 Comments
+ <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a>
+</h2>
+
+<ol id="commentlist">
+
+ <li id="comment-655">
+ <p>I have found this very useful in revising for my EIA exam here at the University of Birmingham, England. Thank you</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.westbromblog.blogspot.com/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.westbromblog.blogspot.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">pete</a> — June 1, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-655">5:26 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-59773">
+ <p>Great stuff, helped me in preparing for my exam at USP in Fiji.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.spc.int/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.spc.int');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Vinesh Prasad</a> — November 17, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-59773">8:44 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-97131">
+ <p>I would like to take this course, what should i do?<br>
+Is there any scholarship available for this course?<br>
+I personally interest on EIA implementation since I was a student at Faculty Environmental Science, National University of Laos.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Toulie — November 12, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-97131">9:19 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-106845">
+ <p>I wish I had stumbled on this website earlier instead of the day before my EIA finals.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Andrew — January 11, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106845">12:25 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-108629">
+ <p>Cool stuff, finally i can face my exams with confidence in an hours time. Thanks<br>
+University of Nairobi, Kenya</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Steve Ouma — January 23, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-108629">8:00 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+
+</ol>
+
+
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