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authorrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
committerrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
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tree54ffa9b60bd255740c312f245db97c63fa78c86e /assignment1/materials/Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 2-2 About EIA Systems.html
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+<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%202-2%20About%20EIA%20Systems_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div>
+<!-- end header -->
+
+<!-- begin sidebar -->
+ <div id="nav">
+<ul id="navul">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-25"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-28 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 285px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-109 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li>
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+<div class="post" id="post-109">
+ <h1 class="storytitle">2-2 About EIA Systems <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ <p>EIA is an evolving process. When establishing or strengthening an
+EIA system, there is an opportunity to build upon the experience of
+others and to move towards legal and policy frameworks that support
+environmental sustainability.
+</p>
+<p>EIA systems have become progressively more broadly based,
+encompassing a wider range of impacts, higher levels of decision-making
+and new areas of emphasis (as described in Section 1 – Introduction
+and overview of EIA). In particular, there are trends toward:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>more systematic procedures for EIA implementation, quality control, compliance and enforcement;
+ </li>
+<li>integrated consideration of biophysical, social, risk, health and other impacts;
+ </li>
+<li>extended temporal and spatial frameworks, which include cumulative,
+trans-boundary and ecosystem-level effects and, to a lesser extent,
+global change;
+ </li>
+<li>increasing provision for strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policy, plan and programme proposals;
+ </li>
+<li>incorporation of sustainability perspectives and principles into EIA and SEA processes; and
+ </li>
+<li>greater linkage of EIA systems with other planning, regulatory and management regimes.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>These trends are identified in the International Study of EA
+Effectiveness. This study also illustrates how EIA has become
+institutionalised and looks at the strengths and weaknesses of current
+practice in relation to different legal policy and institutional
+arrangements. Other recent and relevant sources of information include
+the <i>Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment</i> and the <i>Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Updates</i> issued by the World Bank (see references).
+</p>
+<p>Many lessons can be drawn from these materials by those who are
+responsible for introducing or modifying EIA systems, or are amending
+particular legal, policy and institutional arrangements to international
+ standards. Not all aspects may be appropriate or replicable in certain
+developing countries without further EIA capacity development. However,
+there is a general trend toward strengthening the foundations and key
+features of EIA systems in both developed and developing countries. Key
+institutional milestones are summarised in the table below.
+</p>
+<table>
+<caption><b>Key international developments in EIA law, policy and institutional arrangements – the last decade</b></caption>
+<thead>
+<tr><th style="width: 40%;"><b>Key Instrument/Event</b>
+ </th>
+<th style="width: 60%;"><b>Requirements/Outcome</b>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tfoot>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><i>Updated and amended from Sadler, 1996</i>
+ </td>
+</tr></tfoot>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</b>
+ </td>
+<td>Calls for use of EIA as an instrument of national decision-making
+(Principle 17); other principles also relevant to EIA practice (e.g.
+Principle 15 on the application of the precautionary approach).
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>UN Conventions on Climate Change and Biological Diversity (1992)</b>
+ </td>
+<td>Cite EIA as an implementing mechanism (Articles 4 and 14 respectively refer)
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Comprehensive reform of long-established EIA systems</b>
+ </td>
+<td>e.g. New Zealand (1991), Canada (1995), Australia (1999).
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>New or revised EIA legislation enacted by many developing and transitional countries</b>
+ </td>
+<td>e.g. Vietnam (1993), Uganda (1994), Ecuador (1997).
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>EIA requirements and procedures applied by international financial and aid agencies</b>
+ </td>
+<td>Providing loans and implementing projects in developing countries.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Amendment of EC Directive on EIA (1997)</b>
+ </td>
+<td>Required all member states to be in compliance by 1999; also being
+transposed into the EIA laws of certain countries in transition, which
+are in the process of accession to the European Union.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>EC Directive on SEA of certain plans and programmes (2001)</b>
+ </td>
+<td>To be implemented by member states by 2004.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>UNECE (or Espoo) Convention on EIA in a Transboundary Context (1991)</b>
+ </td>
+<td>Entered into force in 1997 as the first EIA-specific international treaty.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Doha Ministerial Declaration</b>
+ </td>
+<td>Encourages countries to share expertise and experience with Members
+wishing to perform environmental reviews at the national level (November
+ 2001).
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>UNECE (or Aarhus) Convention on Access to Information, Public
+Participation in Decision Making and Access to Justice in Environmental
+Matters (1998)</b>
+ </td>
+<td>Covers the decisions at the level of projects and plans, programmes
+and policies and, by extension, applies to EIA and SEA (Articles 6 and 7
+ respectively refer).
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Every EIA system is distinctive to some degree, reflecting the
+political system of a country. An EIA framework or components from one
+country (or international organisation) may not be readily imported into
+ another, at least without significant adaptation. The information
+gathered during the Training Needs Analysis should help in identifying
+current and needed activities in the development of an EIA system (see <a title="UNEP EIA Training Resources Manual" target="_blank" href="http://www.unep.ch/etu/publications/EIAMan_2edition_toc.htm" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/article/www.unep.ch');">UNEP EIA Training Resource Manual</a>).
+</p>
+<p>What are the key features to look for, and how do they differ? The
+table below provides a framework for examining EIA systems. It can be
+used to develop a profile of the key provisions that apply, including:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the designation of an authority responsible for overseeing the implementation of EIA procedure;
+ </li>
+<li>the requirement for public participation, and whether it is a mandatory or discretionary procedure; and
+ </li>
+<li>procedural checks and balances for EIA quality control, comprising
+key stages of the EIA process (outlined in the EIA flow chart from the
+previous section).
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>The matrix will be most useful when used to compare the EIA systems
+of countries in the same region. When completed, the table can be used
+to identify directions in which legal, policy and institutional
+arrangements might be strengthened. In some developing countries for
+example the arrangements for public participation made by individual
+countries may vary significantly, reflecting different traditions and
+styles of governance. Some countries have established a separate EIA
+authority; in others the EIA process is administered by the environment
+department or by the planning authority. No single EIA model is
+appropriate for all countries.
+</p>
+<table>
+<caption><b>Analysing legal, policy and institutional arrangements</b></caption>
+<thead>
+<tr><th style="width: 16%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Country </b>
+ </th>
+<th style="width: 16%;"><b>Type of EIA Authority</b>
+ </th>
+<th style="width: 16%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Legal provision Yes/No</b>
+ </th>
+<th style="width: 16%;"><b>Mandatory compliance Yes/No</b>
+ </th>
+<th style="width: 16%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Requirement for public participation Yes/No</b>
+ </th>
+<th style="width: 16%;"><b>Procedural checks and balances Yes/No identify types*</b>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tfoot>
+<tr><td colspan="6"><i>*Refer to stages of the flow chart on the verso of the Topic Divider</i>
+ </td>
+</tr></tfoot>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+<td>
+
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="flvPlayer"> <object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" height="260" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://eia.unu.edu/flvplayer.swf?file=http://eia.unu.edu/course/video/2a_eia_legal_systems.flv&amp;autoStart=false;"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%202-2%20About%20EIA%20Systems_files/flvplayer.swf" quality="high" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" height="260" width="320"><br>
+ </object></div>
+<p></p>
+<p>Finally, consideration also can be given to the extent to which SEA
+or a near equivalent process is in place. An increasing number of
+developed countries and countries in transition now make formal
+provision for SEA of policies, plans and programmes. Many developing
+countries also have planning systems that include elements of SEA. The
+legal, policy and institutional arrangements for SEA are more varied
+than those for project EIA (see <a title="SEA course module" target="_blank" href="http://sea.unu.edu/">SEA Open Educational Resources</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Two main types of legal provision are made for EIA:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>general environmental or resource management law, which incorporates EIA requirements and procedure; and
+ </li>
+<li>an EIA specific law, which can either be comprehensive or take the form of a framework or enabling statute.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Selected examples of national and international EIA systems are given
+ below to illustrate legal, policy and institutional arrangements that
+are of particular interest. These include the EIA components and
+responsibilities that apply internationally under certain treaties or as
+ result of the lending requirements of the major development banks.
+Their geographical scope of application varies and not all aspects will
+be relevant to particular countries.
+</p>
+<p></p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ </div>
+ <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — @ 12:40 pm </div>
+ <div class="feedback">
+ <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109#comments" title="Comment on 2-2 About EIA Systems">Comments (5)</a> </div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h2 id="comments">5 Comments
+ <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a>
+</h2>
+
+<ol id="commentlist">
+
+ <li id="comment-286">
+ <p>It is really an interesting course and indeed helpful for my Master
+in Sustainable Environmental Management. Can’t it be accessible in one
+zip file which could be downloaded and saved.</p>
+<p>Thanks again for making the course accessible</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Rani — April 17, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-286">4:32 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-288">
+ <p>Hi Rani.</p>
+<p>Yes indeed, we are looking into how best to create a downloadable
+version for those persons who do not have regular access to the
+Internet.</p>
+<p>Brendan Barrett<br>
+UNU</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by brendan — April 24, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-288">10:21 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-7377">
+ <p>The course is content is excellent for revision with good structure and references. Very useful.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.golder.com/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.golder.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">susan evans</a> — May 31, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-7377">12:04 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-30584">
+ <p>Excellent course material, the content is approached in a very
+clear and defined manner which is excellent for revision. It identifies
+key points which are valuable for essay type questions. I am currently
+doing my Masster in Energy and one of the module is Environmental Impact
+ Assessment. Would appreciate a downloadable copy.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Ayaz Bauhal — April 5, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-30584">10:28 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-55895">
+ <p>excellent learning resource, provides detailed, up to date information and a reference guide.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by aduh ufuoma — July 13, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-55895">9:28 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+
+</ol>
+
+
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