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<li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
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<li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-102 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
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<li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
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<li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
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<li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
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<li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
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<li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
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<h1 class="storytitle">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
<div class="storycontent">
<p>Although there are costs associated with undertaking EIA,
experience has shown that the potential savings over the life of a
project can repay the investment many times over. The savings can be
economic (e.g. identification of least cost alternative) as well as
environmental (e.g. impact reduction, maintaining other resource use
opportunities). Generally the earlier EIA process is introduced in the
project cycle, the greater the potential returns. When EIA is integrated
into the project preparation phase, environmental design considerations
can be introduced in the first place rather than the proposal having to
be modified later.
</p>
<p><font size="2"><b>Benefits</b></font>
</p>
<p>The benefits of EIA can be direct, such as the improved design or
location of a project, or indirect, such as better quality EIA work or
raised environmental awareness of the personnel involved in the project.
In these cases, there will be with flow-on effects in their future
work. As mentioned above, these potential gains from EIA increase the
earlier the process is applied in the design process.
</p>
<p>In general the benefits of EIA include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Better environmental planning and design of a proposal. Carrying out
an EIA entails an analysis of alternatives in the design and location
of projects. This can result in the selection of an improved technology,
which lowers waste outputs or an environmentally optimum location for a
project. A well-designed project can minimise risks and impacts on the
environment and people, and thereby avoid associated costs of remedial
treatment or compensation for damage.
</li>
<li>Ensuring compliance with environmental standards. Compliance with
environmental standards reduces damage to the environment and disruption
to communities. It also avoids the likelihood of penalties, fines and
loss of trust and credibility.
</li>
<li>Savings in capital and operating costs. EIA can avoid the undue
costs of unanticipated impacts. These can escalate if environmental
problems have not been considered from the start of proposal design and
require rectification later. An ‘anticipate and avoid’ approach is
much cheaper than ‘react and cure’. Generally, changes which must be
made late in the project cycle are the most expensive.
</li>
<li>Reduced time and costs of approvals of development applications. If
all environmental concerns have been taken into account properly before
submission for project approval, then it is unlikely that delays will
occur as a result of decision-makers asking for additional information
or alterations to mitigation measures. Increased project acceptance by
the public.
</li>
</ul>
<p>This is achieved by an open and transparent EIA process, with
provision of opportunities for public involvement of people who are most
directly affected by and interested in the proposal, in an appropriate
way that suits their needs.
</p>
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<p></p>
<p><font size="2"><b>Costs</b></font>
</p>
<p>It can be difficult to determine the exact costs of an EIA because
major projects typically require a large number of investigations and
reports, often for closely related purposes (e.g. engineering
feasibility studies of hydrology and surface materials). The World Bank
notes that the cost of preparing an EIA rarely exceeds one per cent of
the project costs and this percentage can be reduced further if local
personnel are used to do most of the work. For Bank projects, the
relative cost of an EIA typically ranges from only 0.06 per cent to 0.10
per cent of total project costs. The total cost of an EIA might range
from a few thousand dollars for a very small project, to over a million
dollars for a large and complex project, which has a significant
environmental impact and requires extensive data collection and
analysis.
</p>
<p>Although many proponents complain that EIA causes excessive delays in
projects, many of these are caused by poor administration of the
process rather than by the process itself. These occur when:
</p>
<ul>
<li>the EIA is commenced too late in the project cycle;
</li>
<li>the terms of reference are poorly drafted;.
</li>
<li>the EIA is not managed to a schedule;
</li>
<li>the technical and consultative components of EIA are inadequate; and
</li>
<li>the EIA report is incomplete or deficient as a basis for decision making.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Similar considerations apply to the timeframe for the EIA process.
Most projects merely require screening and might take only an hour or
two of work. Where further EIA work is necessary, the time taken can
range from a few days or weeks, for a small irrigation or a minor
infrastructure project, to two years or more for a large dam or a major
infrastructure project. Generally speaking, the costs and time involved
in EIA should decrease as experience is gained with the process and
there is a better understanding of the impacts associated with different
types of projects and the use of appropriate methods. Over a longer
timeframe, the availability of baseline data should also increase.
</p>
<p>All participants in the EIA process are ‘stakeholders’, who
pursue particular interests and hold different views and preferences.
Full public involvement, open to all affected and interested parties,
provides the best means of ensuring the EIA process is fair and
credible. It allows decision-makers and participants themselves to gain
an understanding of the diversity and balance of opinion on the issues
at stake. The final decision can then be made in a fully informed and
transparent manner, having regard to all the facts and the views by
stakeholders and the public at large Section 3 – Public involvement).
</p>
<p>In addition, there are a number of specific measures that can help to
make the EIA process transparent, accessible and accountable to the
public. Examples of measures that reinforce the fairness of the process
include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>requiring the proponent to register all consultants, their expertise and responsibilities with the administering agency;
</li>
<li>publishing these details in the terms of reference and the EIA report;
</li>
<li>making all EIA documents and reports available to the public; and
</li>
<li>publishing reasons for decisions – screening and final approvals
– together with requirements and terms and conditions for mitigation
and environmental management plans.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Capacity building is the long-term, voluntary process of increasing
the ability of a country to identify and solve its own problems and
risks, and to maximise its opportunities.
</p>
<p>In this context, countries should firstly aim to carry out their own
EIAs of proposals. Second, they should aim to use local experts as much
as possible when undertaking EIAs of proposals financed by the World
Bank and other multilateral lending agencies. Where this is not possible
without compromising the quality of EIAs and outside experts must be
engaged, every opportunity should be taken to transfer their expertise
to local personnel. This strategy will make the implementation of EIA
recommendations more effective and strengthen the basis of EIA expertise
locally.
</p>
<p>Capacity building can be carried out in a number of ways, including
institutional strengthening, technical assistance and advice, and EIA
training programmes. A systematic, long-term commitment will be
necessary to overcome limited capacity of many developing countries to
undertake EIA. In addition, this process should be backed by activities
to strengthen education and research institutions. EIA-specific training
can be done at many different levels and over different periods to meet
a variety of needs.
</p>
<p>A systematic EIA capacity building programme will need to provide a
range of different activities. These could include advice on drafting or
strengthening EIA legislation and procedures, improving their
application to relevant sectors, such as energy and mining, and
strengthening particular aspects of practice, such as public
involvement. Pilot projects involving local experts in actual EIAs of
proposals can be used to transfer ‘hands on’ knowledge and skills.
Supporting activities include developing resource materials and
establishing a network of practitioners with experience in EIA or
technical analysis.
</p>
<p></p>
</div>
<div class="storycontent">
</div>
<div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — @ 12:10 pm </div>
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<a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102#comments" title="Comment on 1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">Comments (5)</a> </div>
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<h2 id="comments">5 Comments
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<li id="comment-655">
<p>I have found this very useful in revising for my EIA exam here at the University of Birmingham, England. Thank you</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.westbromblog.blogspot.com/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.westbromblog.blogspot.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">pete</a> — June 1, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-655">5:26 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-59773">
<p>Great stuff, helped me in preparing for my exam at USP in Fiji.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.spc.int/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.spc.int');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Vinesh Prasad</a> — November 17, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-59773">8:44 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-97131">
<p>I would like to take this course, what should i do?<br>
Is there any scholarship available for this course?<br>
I personally interest on EIA implementation since I was a student at Faculty Environmental Science, National University of Laos.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Toulie — November 12, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-97131">9:19 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-106845">
<p>I wish I had stumbled on this website earlier instead of the day before my EIA finals.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Andrew — January 11, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106845">12:25 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-108629">
<p>Cool stuff, finally i can face my exams with confidence in an hours time. Thanks<br>
University of Nairobi, Kenya</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Steve Ouma — January 23, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-108629">8:00 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
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