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<li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 322px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-101 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
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<li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
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<li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li>
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<h1 class="storytitle">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
<div class="storycontent">
<p>EIA systems can be described by reference to three components:
</p>
<ol>
<li>the legal and institutional framework of regulation, guidance and
procedure, which establishes the requirements for the conduct of EIA;
</li>
<li>the steps and activities of the EIA process, as applied to specific types of proposals; and
</li>
<li>the practice and performance of EIA, as evidenced by the quality of
EIA reports prepared, the decisions taken and the environmental benefits
delivered.
</li>
</ol>
<p><font size="3"><b>Legal and institutional framework</b></font>
</p>
<p>The provision for EIA may be made through legislation, administrative
order or policy directive. Many countries have now enacted some type of
EIA legislation, which generally can be classified into either a
comprehensive or enabling statute. Clear and specific legal provision is
internationally accepted as the most appropriate basis for EIA. In many
cases, regulations (mandatory rules) and procedural guidance (advisory
interpretation) elaborate how EIA legislation is to be implemented.
Further information of these arrangements can be found in Section 2 –
Law, policy and institutional arrangements. In this Section, note is
made only of the main features of the EIA legal and institutional
frameworks. These also comprise points of reference for developing or
strengthening an EIA system:
</p>
<p><font size="2"><b>Basic responsibilities</b></font>
</p>
<p>The proponent normally carries out the EIA in accordance with
directions given by the competent authority (usually the agency which
makes the final decision on the proposal but in certain cases an
independent commission or panel). An environment agency (or in some
cases a specialised EIA body) oversees the process and reviews the study
with inputs from other government departments. Usually, EIA studies are
carried out by an interdisciplinary team, which is appointed
specifically to the task and has an appropriate range of scientific,
economic and social expertise.
</p>
<p><font size="2"><b>Scope of application</b></font>
</p>
<p>Some EIA systems are relatively narrow in coverage; e.g. limited to
projects of a specified type and size. Others have a broader remit, for
example encompassing all proposals that have potentially significant
adverse environmental impacts. In addition, the environment is defined
broadly; for example to include social, health and cumulative effects.
The inclusion of these broader aspects of EIA are now accepted as the
international standard of good practice and their coverage should be
mandatory.
</p>
<p><font size="2"><b>Consideration of alternatives</b></font>
</p>
<p>Consideration of alternatives is mandatory in some EIA systems but
discretionary in others. Varied provision is made for including a range
of alternatives to a proposal, and there are different requirements for
the evaluation and comparison of alternatives as part of the EIA
process. At a minimum, explicit provision should be made for the
consideration of the main or ‘reasonable’ alternatives to a proposal
(including no action). This component is a critical determinant of
effective EIA.
</p>
<p><font size="2"><b>Public involvement</b></font>
</p>
<p>This is a cornerstone of EIA and most systems include provision for
public involvement. However, there are marked differences in specific
requirements; e.g. regarding access to information, procedures for
notification and involvement of the public, the stage of the EIA process
at which these are applied and third party rights of appeal. At a
minimum, public involvement should take account of the concerns of those
directly affected by a proposal.
</p>
<p><font size="2"><b>Quality control and assurance</b></font>
</p>
<p>Within EIA systems, the components described above provide a set of
legal and institutional controls on the quality and effectiveness of the
process. In addition, the main stages of the EIA process itself
constitute a further set of procedural checks and balances. The
respective functions of each stage are described below; however, they
should be applied iteratively as part of a ‘whole process’ approach
to provide EIA quality assurance.
</p>
<p> <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/images/Generalised_EIA.pdf"><br>
<img alt="" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/Generalised-EIA.gif" hspace="0" vspace="0" border="0" align="right"> </a></p>
<p><font size="3"><b>EIA process</b></font>
</p>
<p>The particular components, stages and activities of an EIA process
will depend upon the requirements of the country or donor. However, most
EIA processes have a common structure (see flow chart below and watch
the video) and the application of the main stages is a basic standard of
good practice. Typically, the EIA process begins with screening to
ensure time and resources are directed at the proposals that matter
environmentally. It should end with some form of follow up on the
implementation of the decisions and actions taken as a result of an EIA
report.
</p>
<p>(click on the EIA Process Flowchart at the right)
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>EIA practice and outcomes</b></font>
</p>
<p>Marked variations occur in the quality of EIA practice and outcomes
among countries, reflecting the legal provisions, institutional
arrangements and procedures that are in force in different
jurisdictions. In addition, the quality of EIA practice varies on a
case-by-case basis within the same system, depending upon events, the
complexity of the proposal, the experience of those involved and the
time and money allocated. Strengths and weaknesses of EIA practice are
well documented in the literature, generally and with reference to the
experience of certain countries and types of projects.
</p>
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</object></div>
<p></p>
<p>Widely recognised deficiencies of EIA practice include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Technical shortcomings, expressed by the poor quality of many EIA
reports. The accuracy of impact predictions, the utility of mitigation
and management measures, and the relevance of reports for
decision-making often fall short of internationally accepted standards.
</li>
<li>Procedural limitations, including inconsistencies in process
administration and guidance. Time delays and costs of applying EA remain
a serious concern for project proponents. Affected communities are more
concerned with the lack of quality control of EIA studies or
enforcement of mitigation measures.
</li>
<li>Structural issues, stemming from the application of EIA as a
separate process, unrelated to the project cycle or the larger context
of decisionmaking.
</li>
<li>In order to be effective, EIA requires a coherent policy-planning
framework and systematic follow up procedures. Often neither area is
well established.
</li>
</ul>
<p>A number of studies have drawn attention to the particular
constraints on EIA practice in developing countries as compared to
developed ones. However, most developing countries have some experience
in EIA and some have a considerable track record, predating the
introduction of the EIA Directive in Europe. There are particular
limitations on domestic EIA practice in poorer countries, where
typically institutional arrangements are weak, and human, technical and
financial resources are lacking. In these circumstances, the development
banks and international aid agencies play a major role, both long-term
through capacity building for the environment and immediately through
their own EIA requirements.
</p>
<p>What constitute good outcomes for EIA practice? Where international
standards apply or can be approximated, the following targets should be
within the reach of EIA practice:
</p>
<ul>
<li>screens out environmentally unsound projects;
</li>
<li>modifies the design of feasible proposals to reduce their environmental impact;
</li>
<li>identifies the best practicable environmental option;
</li>
<li>predicts the significant adverse effects of proposals with reasonable accuracy;
</li>
<li>identifies mitigation measures that work successfully to avoid, reduce and offset major impacts;
</li>
<li>influences decision making and approvals and the implementation of terms and conditions; and
</li>
<li>results in environmental gains and benefits relative to other options.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="storycontent">
</div>
<div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — brendan @ 12:05 pm </div>
<div class="feedback">
<a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101#comments" title="Comment on 1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">Comments (14)</a> </div>
</div>
<h2 id="comments">14 Comments
<a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a>
</h2>
<ol id="commentlist">
<li id="comment-4243">
<p>This is such a very helpful sight for non-technical persons like me
who are in environmental work. The video clip enabled me to easily
understand the eia process.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://tanggol.org/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/tanggol.org');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">vida gonzales</a> — February 26, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-4243">4:56 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-4521">
<p>I really got interest on this course module specially the videos are very explanatory and i like the way you present it<br>
thank you very much. I am doing my masters study in hydro power
development in NTNU. I was reading for exam in environmental impacts of
hydro power and I found the website to be very helpful. Thank you.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by YONAS — March 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-4521">7:27 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-5098">
<p>I would like to cite some of this work…how do I cite it?</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Louise du Preez — April 11, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-5098">10:20 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-5177">
<p>United Nations University (2007) Open Educational Resource on
Environmental Impact Assessment, based on the UNEP EIA Training Manual,
access at <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/" rel="nofollow">http://eia.unu.edu</a></p>
<p><cite>Comment by brendan — April 14, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-5177">9:50 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-29809">
<p>I as unable to view the video on EIA process and would like the video to be emailed to me please.<br>
Thanks</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Susan — March 6, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-29809">3:18 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-32620">
<p>Excellent…the language, the graphics, the pace. Very friendly. This
makes studying and preparing for exams so much easier and enjoyable.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Andrea — July 5, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32620">2:03 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-35559">
<p>This has been very useful in my understanding the process of
EIA.Relevant in my exam preperation.Am doing a module -Environmental
management in which EIA was treated for my MSC course in Industrial
Environmental Management. Thanks.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by BUKOLA BROWN — December 12, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-35559">10:34 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-46690">
<p>Thank you for having this web site in the internate.<br>
I am Msc. student in Environmental Science at Addis Ababa University. I
am interested to have your course module, because its acadamic
usefulness is unquestioable. Would you send it to me,please?<br>
I appreciate your hard work.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by GETENET GEDLU — November 17, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-46690">2:03 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-55774">
<p>I as unable to view the video on EIA process and would like the video to be emailed to me please.<br>
Thanks</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Doyin — July 9, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-55774">8:03 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-58754">
<p>This sight has really helped me by providing important information about EIA. Keep it up for the good work.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Mark Mkutano — October 7, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-58754">7:06 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-61386">
<p>Helped me a lot in my revision for my EIA Exam. Currently a 3rd Year
student reading for a B.A. (Hons.) Geography at the University of
Malta.</p>
<p>Thanks :)</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Darren — January 30, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61386">9:24 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-63341">
<p>This has been very useful in my understanding the process of EIA</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://google/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/google');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">irshad khan</a> — April 26, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-63341">4:41 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-106585">
<p>I love this course. Can you please email me the video? The processes are so easy to remember when we look at the video.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Jennie — January 9, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106585">3:47 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-106665">
<p>Thank you for the team for this wonderful work. I’ve read all the
chapters and the activities were effective. I’ve downloaded the video
and information from your files too. Cheers.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Jennie — January 10, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106665">12:28 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
</ol>
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