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<li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-93 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
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<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
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<li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="post" id="post-93">
<h1 class="storytitle">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
<div class="storycontent">
<p>Simply defined, EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict
and evaluate the environmental effects of proposed actions and projects.
This process is applied prior to major decisions and commitments being
made. A broad definition of environment is adopted. Whenever appropriate
social, cultural and health effects are considered as an integral part
of EIA. Particular attention is given in EIA practice to preventing,
mitigating and offsetting the significant adverse effects of proposed
undertakings.
</p>
<p>The purpose of EIA is to:
</p>
<ul>
<li>provide information for decision-making on the environmental consequences of proposed actions; and
</li>
<li>promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through
the identification of appropriate enhancement and mitigation measures.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Sustainable development is a key concept that has gained increasing
international acceptance during the last two decades. A milestone in
this process was the ‘Brundtland’ report, which defined sustainable
development as ‘development that meets the needs of today’s
generation without compromising those of future generations’. Five
years later, the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
the Earth Summit, established a number of international agreements,
declarations and commitments (see table below). Agenda 21, the global
action plan for sustainable development, emphasises the importance of
integrated environment and development decision-making and promotes the
use of EIA and other policy instruments for this purpose.
</p>
<table>
<caption><b>Four cornerstones of the Earth Summit</b></caption>
<thead>
<tr><th style="width: 40%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Cornerstone</b>
</th>
<th style="width: 60%; background-color: rgb(143, 156, 184);"><b>Summary</b>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tfoot>
<tr><td colspan="2"><i></i><br>
</td>
</tr></tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</b>
</td>
<td>A set of principles which provide guidance on achieving sustainable development.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Framework Convention on Climate Change</b>
</td>
<td>An international treaty to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Convention on Biological Diversity</b>
</td>
<td>An international convention with three objectives: the conservation
of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the
equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Agenda 21</b>
</td>
<td>A global programme of action for achieving sustainable development
to which countries are ‘politically committed’ rather than legally
obligated.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><font size="3"><b>Perspectives on sustainable development</b></font>
</p>
<p>Sustainable development is an evolving concept, which is continually
being redefined and reinterpreted. The starting point for most people is
the ‘Brundtland definition’ (described above), which also can be
formally stated as twin principles of intra- and inter-generational
equity. In practice, these principles mean improving the welfare of the
world’s poor and maintaining the development opportunities for the
generations that follow.
</p>
<p>The challenge of sustainable development may be summarised by comparing three overriding indicators:
</p>
<ul>
<li>First, human activity is estimated to currently consume or pre-empt 40 per cent of net primary productivity on land.
</li>
<li>Second, 60 per cent of the world’s population live close to or under the poverty line.
</li>
<li>Third, the world’s population is projected to double by mid-century.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Without major policy and technology changes, UNEP and other
institutions have concluded that such trends threaten the stability of
the world community and the global environment.
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>Why EIA is important</b></font>
</p>
<p>Reducing the burden of environmental impacts is necessary if
development is to become sustainable. These impacts are more complex,
larger in scale and further reaching in their potential consequences
than thirty years ago when EIA was first introduced. As a result, EIA
has become of ever increasing importance as a tool for development
decision-making.
</p>
<p>This role is formally recognized in Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development:
</p>
<blockquote><p>‘Environmental impact assessment, as a national
instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely
to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are
subject to a decision of a competent national authority’.
</p></blockquote>
<p>In practice, EIA is applied primarily to prevent or minimise the
adverse effects of major development proposals, such as power stations,
dams and reservoirs, industrial complexes, etc. It is also used as a
planning tool to promote sustainable development by integrating
environmental considerations into a wide range of proposed actions. Most
notably, strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policies and plans
focuses on the highest levels of decision making, when better account
can be taken of the environment in considering development alternatives
and options. More limited forms of EIA can be used to ensure that
smaller scale projects, conform to appropriate environmental standards
or site and design criteria. Such projects include dredging activities,
road realignment and upgrading, and housing subdivisions.
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>What are the aims and objectives of EIA?</b></font>
</p>
<p>The aims and objectives of EIA can be divided into two categories.
The immediate aim of EIA is to inform the process of decision-making by
identifying the potentially significant environmental effects and risks
of development proposals. The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to
promote sustainable development by ensuring that development proposals
do not undermine critical resource and ecological functions or the well
being, lifestyle and livelihood of the communities and peoples who
depend on them.
</p>
<p>Immediate objectives of EIA are to:
</p>
<ul>
<li>improve the environmental design of the proposal;
</li>
<li>ensure that resources are used appropriately and efficiently;
</li>
<li>identify appropriate measures for mitigating the potential impacts of the proposal; and
</li>
<li>facilitate informed decision making, including setting the environmental terms and conditions for implementing the proposal.
</li>
</ul>
<p>Long term objectives of EIA are to:
</p>
<ul>
<li>protect human health and safety;
</li>
<li>avoid irreversible changes and serious damage to the environment;
</li>
<li>safeguard valued resources, natural areas and ecosystem components; and
</li>
<li>enhance the social aspects of the proposal.
</li>
</ul>
<p><font size="3"><b>Limitations of EIA</b></font>
</p>
<p>EIA is also a way of ensuring that environmental factors are
considered in decision-making process along with the traditional
economic and technical factors. Importantly EIA requires the scientific
(technical) and value issues to be dealt with in a single assessment
process. This helps in the proper consideration of all advantages and
disadvantages of a proposal. Environmental considerations may,
therefore, be set aside in favour of what are felt to be more important
considerations. Alternatively, predicted adverse effects on the
environment might lead to strict conditions being imposed to avoid these
effects or remedy any adverse effects, or perhaps lead to the complete
abandonment of a proposal.
</p>
<p>However, it is most important to recognise that EIA cannot be
regarded as a means of introducing an environmental “veto” power into
administrative decision-making processes. Decisions that are
unsatisfactory from an environmental point of view can still be made,
but with full knowledge of the environmental consequences. The final
decision about a proposal depends upon the likely severity of the
adverse effects, balanced against other expected benefits.
</p>
<p>In other words, EIA is an administrative process that identifies the
potential environmental effects of undertaking a proposal, and presents
these environmental effects alongside the other advantages and
disadvantages of the proposal to the decision-makers. In the vast
majority of EIA procedures this means that the outcome of the EIA
process provides advice to the decision-makers – it does not provide a
final decision. So, by itself, the EIA procedures cannot be expected to
stop a proposal – although this is an outcome that some members of
the general community and environment groups may expect.
</p>
<p>In summary then:
</p>
<ul>
<li>only a very small fraction of proposals are halted, permanently or
temporarily, as a direct result of EIA at the end of the review process;
</li>
<li>preemption or early withdrawal of unsound proposals has been reported though it has proved difficult to document;
</li>
<li>EIA has been useful in developing support for and confirmation of positive environmentally sound proposals;
</li>
<li>the greening or environmental improvement of proposed activities is frequently seen; and
</li>
<li>particular indirect effects of EIA are both instrumental (such as
where policy or institutional adjustments are made as a result of EIA
experience) and educational where participation in the EIA process leads
to positive changes in environmental attitudes and behavior.
</li>
</ul>
<p>With regard to the last point there is considerable advantage to the
general community where those people involved with the proposal, as well
as decision-makers, are required to think about the environmental
effects (and thence avoid negative effects), and the public can be made
aware of the details of the proposal.
</p>
<p>The limited power of EIA may seem to greatly reduce its value.
However, as you have seen there are many benefits that come from using
EIA.
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>Practical Examples and Case Studies</b></font>
</p>
<p>On the EIA wiki that accompanies this course module there are a large number of <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/wiki/index.php/Case_Studies">case studies</a> exploring EIA in practice. It is recommended that where possible you review these case studies and where possible add to them. </p>
<p>Another very interesting resource is the online video documentary produced by Prof. Sharon Beder dealing with the EIA for the <a href="http://www.herinst.org/envcrisis/tunnel/contents.html" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/article/www.herinst.org');">Sydney Harbour Tunnel</a> in Australia.
</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="storycontent">
</div>
<div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — brendan @ 11:43 am </div>
<div class="feedback">
<a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93#comments" title="Comment on 1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">Comments (27)</a> </div>
</div>
<h2 id="comments">27 Comments
<a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a>
</h2>
<ol id="commentlist">
<li id="comment-624">
<p>This material is so helpful. Keep up the good work</p>
<p><cite>Comment by hilda mensah — May 25, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-624">5:34 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-3738">
<p>Your website is great! It provides us easy access to up-to-date and
useful information on practically all topics in environment and gender.
Thank you so much.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://cssac/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/CSSAC');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Cely Salazar Binoya, Ph.D0.</a> — February 1, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-3738">7:51 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-3739">
<p>The EIA material is very helpful. Thanks a lot</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://cssac/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/CSSAC');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Cely Salazar Binoya, Ph.D.</a> — February 1, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-3739">7:54 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-6684">
<p>its a very very nice web site ita realy help me now to solve any
problem in my assignment i m very thanksfull to the publishers of this
site and god bless u</p>
<p><cite>Comment by ahsan hu university — May 17, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-6684">2:54 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-9767">
<p>I have been looking for information on EIA practice and was glad to
have eventually come across such a great site. Thank you so much, you
made my day</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Lineekela — July 17, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-9767">8:02 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-11868">
<p>This doc will help me a lot in doing EIA here in the Philippines. I will share this with my students</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Carmie Liwag — August 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-11868">8:51 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-23908">
<p>Very clear and cohesive, thank you!</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Jesse — November 6, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-23908">5:55 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-24458">
<p>This the first time I have opened this website but have found it to
be user friendly, detailed in substance, I have decided to term it a
goldmine to the student, practitioner, lecturer and anybody who would
like to enrich their knowledge about EIA.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Magghangwe Alfred — November 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-24458">5:21 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-30472">
<p>Thank you alot for the lecture notes on EIA.It is helpfull to me.<br>
May our ALMIGHTY GOD BLESS YOU.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by engera mambore — April 1, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-30472">12:28 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-31259">
<p>Thank you!!! v. useful for my uni coursework, had all the info needed! like no other website i could find!<br>
Thank you again!!</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Roxy — April 20, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-31259">2:45 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-32554">
<p>The information on this site was very useful to me.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Alandia — June 28, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32554">4:59 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-32739">
<p>this is first after working 6 years in EIa i knew all about tha eia through this thanks</p>
<p><cite>Comment by G. Ponnusamy — July 21, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32739">1:59 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-41410">
<p>good notes with world wide understandable english</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.yahoo.com/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.yahoo.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Magdalena Raymond</a> — June 4, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-41410">12:24 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-45676">
<p>can you please elaborate the key environmental parameters that are assessed when determining a suitable site for a clinic?</p>
<p><cite>Comment by sephule — October 7, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45676">4:38 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-45994">
<p>these are very good notes they give a very clear understanding of
the purpose as well as the aims of environmental impact assessment</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://webmail/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/webmail');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Y NOPOTSO</a> — October 22, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45994">11:46 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-50249">
<p>at first i couldnt believe but after reviewing some notes i realize
that this could be help full from the bigginers to the higher level
student, researcher, practitioner, lecturer, proffesors and interested
stakeholders!</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Mathayo BARIKIEL — March 5, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-50249">7:42 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-52098">
<p>Thank you so very much on this, most superb, presentation.</p>
<p>I am using this to supplement my studies in EIA. It is really helpful.</p>
<p>Cheers.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Predrag — April 22, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52098">5:57 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-52713">
<p>EIA should always be an integral part of every scientific study as we try to cope up with recurrent global climatic changes.<br>
I’ve found the study extra beneficial</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://mozillafirefox/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/mozillafirefox');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">hobic</a> — May 8, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52713">5:57 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-52714">
<p>found it interesting. EIA should be an integral topic of every scientific study</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://mozillafirefox/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/mozillafirefox');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">hobic</a> — May 8, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52714">5:59 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-58051">
<p>EIA can be used by in rural areas if yes how? since im care iwould
like to know about the application if EIAs to the development. can
community assess the proposed development on their own? thanks for this
opportunity i will always getting involve.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by jali mh — September 13, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-58051">5:57 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-59588">
<p>This material is very helpfull. I was about to go write my exam on
Environmental Management course and had a quick glance at your website
and it really helped me alot. Thanks</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Shoes — November 11, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-59588">7:39 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-60026">
<p>This material is very brief and concise, I really love it . Keep it up</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Michael Acquah — December 1, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-60026">5:45 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-61548">
<p>the material is so interesting that every one can get useful information regarding to EIA. </p>
<p> THANK U!!!!!!!!!!</p>
<p><cite>Comment by minuye hailu — February 6, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61548">7:22 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-61875">
<p>Thank you very much, i have got all the info needed for my assignment.<br>
Its the best web site in internet</p>
<p><cite>Comment by chaitanya madhunapantula — February 21, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61875">3:30 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-63519">
<p>improving decision on environment there should be an inforcement on EIA</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://nil/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/nil');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">meshack osiah</a> — May 3, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-63519">12:50 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-96819">
<p>Thanks for your information on EIA , i would like to request sample
reports on all EIA procedures specifically starting with Project
registration report/document, Project Brief report, Scooping Report, EIA
final report and Non-Executive summary report on either Road project or
mining project.It will be very helpful to me once you send.</p>
<p>Thanks for your time and consideration.<br>
Meshack Osiah</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Meshack Osiah — November 10, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-96819">6:12 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-106207">
<p>I have been looking for information on EIA practice and was glad to
have eventually come across such a great site. Thank you so much,</p>
<p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.squidoo.com/all-about-writing-essay" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.squidoo.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">definition essay topics</a> — January 7, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106207">2:33 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
</ol>
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