1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"><head profile="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
<title>Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-1 Background</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4"> <!-- leave this for stats please -->
<style type="text/css" media="screen">
@import url( http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-content/themes/EIA/style.css );
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/prototype.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/moo.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/unu.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/swfobject.js"></script>
<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/prototype_002.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/scriptaculous.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/builder.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/effects.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/dragdrop.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/controls.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/slider.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/sound.js"></script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2">
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="RSS .92" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom 0.3" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=atom">
<link rel="pingback" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/xmlrpc.php">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-1 Background Comments Feed" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=145">
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/xmlrpc.php?rsd">
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml">
<link rel="index" title="Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course">
<link rel="up" title="1. Background" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25">
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4">
<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/urchin.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
_uacct = "UA-254067-1";
urchinTracker();
</script>
</head>
<body>
<!-- this is by kouji . system header start ----------- -------------------------------------------->
<div id="main">
<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div>
<!-- end header -->
<!-- begin sidebar -->
<div id="nav">
<ul id="navul">
<li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-145 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
<li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
<ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li>
</ul>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-- //
UNU.prepareNavigation();
//-->
</script>
<form method="get" id="searchform" action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/">
<div>
<input name="s" id="s" type="text"><input id="searchbtn" value="Search" type="submit">
</div>
</form>
</div>
<!-- end sidebar -->
<div id="content">
<div id="padding">
<div class="post" id="post-145">
<h1 class="storytitle">1-1 Background <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
<div class="storycontent">
<p>This topic introduces the concept of EIA and outlines its history,
placing it within the current framework of sustainable development.
Reference is made to:
</p>
<ul>
<li>the purpose and aims of EIA;
</li>
<li>the nature and scope of environmental issues and impacts;
</li>
<li>the principles of EIA administration and practice;
</li>
<li>the concept of integrated assessment;
</li>
<li>the key elements of the EIA process;
</li>
<li>the costs and benefits of undertaking EIA; and
</li>
<li>the role of capacity building in improving EIA practice.
</li>
</ul>
<p><font size="3"><b>Learning Outcomes of this Section</b></font>
</p>
<p>On successful completion of this Section, you will be able to:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Demonstrate an introductory understanding of EIA and why it is necessary;
</li>
<li>Appreciate the worldwide influence of EIA practice.
</li>
</ul>
<p><font size="3"><b>Structure of these EIA learning materials</b></font>
</p>
<p>In this module, the EIA process is discussed in 11 Sections.
Following this introductory section, Background (Section 1), are the
following 10 Sections in order, with a brief description of the purpose
of each stage in the EIA process:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements (Section 2): To provide
regulatory and legislative governance structures and requirements of EIA
processes for project proponents, EIA practitioners and stakeholders.
</li>
<li>Public involvement (Section 3): To inform the public about the
proposal and to gain the inputs of those directly affected by or
interested in the proposal. Public involvement in some form may occur
throughout the EIA process, although it tends to be focused on scoping
and review phases of EIA.
</li>
<li>Screening (Section 4): To decide whether or not a proposal should be
subject to the EIA process and, if so, at what level of detail.
</li>
<li>Scoping (Section 5): To identify the key issues and impacts that are
likely to require further investigation, and to prepare the terms of
reference for the EIA study.
</li>
<li>Impact analysis (Section 6): To identify and predict the likely
environmental and social effects of the proposal and evaluate their
significance.
</li>
<li>Mitigation and impact management (Section 7): To develop measures to
avoid, reduce or compensate for impacts, making good any environmental
damage.
</li>
<li>Reporting (Section 8 ): To describe the results of the EIA for decision-makers and other interested parties.
</li>
<li>Review of EIA quality (Section 9): To examine the adequacy of the
EIA report to see if it meets the terms of reference and provides the
information necessary for decision-making.
</li>
<li>Decision-making (Section 10): To approve or reject the proposal and
set the terms and conditions under which it can proceed. The
decision-maker also has the option to defer approval (e.g. until certain
conditions are met or to require a proponent to redesign the project so
that the environmental effects are minimised).
</li>
<li>Implementation and follow up (Section 11): To check on the
implementation of the terms and conditions of approval during the
construction and operation phases; to monitor the impacts of the project
and the effectiveness of mitigation measures; to take any actions
necessary to ameliorate problems; and, as required, to undertake audit
and evaluation to strengthen future EIA applications.
</li>
</ul>
<p>In this module you will be looking only at EIA. However, it is
important to recognise that there is a general principle of assessment
that applies to EIA, and to other assessment processes. There are
several other processes that relate closely to the review of
environmental impacts that may result from a proposed project. The
following are well recognised processes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Social Impact Assessment
</li>
<li>Risk Assessment
</li>
<li>Life Cycle Analysis
</li>
<li> Energy Analysis
</li>
<li>Health Impact Assessment
</li>
<li>Regulatory Impact Assessment
</li>
<li>Species Impact Assessment
</li>
<li>Technology Assessment
</li>
<li>Economic Assessment
</li>
<li>Cumulative Impact Assessment
</li>
<li>Strategic Environmental Assessment
</li>
<li>Integrated Impact Assessment
</li>
</ul>
<p>Some, like Energy Analysis, focus on a particular part of the
environment. Others, like Life Cycle Analysis, enable the consideration
of all those parts of the environment that are relevant to the
assessment. Also, depending on how the terms, like health, are defined
for the study you may find that it is covering most of the issues that
would be found in an EIA. For example a Technology Assessment could
include review of the impacts on ecosystems, air quality and the like.
Similarly, if the definition of ‘environment’ is taken broadly for
an EIA, then the EIA may cover the issues of the other assessment
processes; for example:
</p>
<ul>
<li>social aspects (such as impacts on employment, community interaction);
</li>
<li>risks (such as threats to native animals, water supplies);
</li>
<li>life cycle (such as the impacts at each stage of the project – design through to operation and closure); and
</li>
<li>energy (such as use of non-renewable energy sources, Greenhouse gas emissions), etc
</li>
</ul>
<p>So there is the potential for a lot of connections between the
different forms of assessment. The essential difference between them is
how the terms, or scope of assessment, are defined – narrowly, or
broadly. Otherwise they all follow the same general principle.
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>Principle of Assessment</b></font>
</p>
<p>With all the assessment approaches noted above, they are designed to
identify potential impacts of a development, action or project. To do
this the assessor needs to use personal experience and the experiences
of others (including available knowledge) to think broadly about the
changes that are possible, and whether those impacts will be positive or
negative.
</p>
<p>Particular approaches emphasis specific types of impacts (i.e. on
health, on social groups). All have basically the same approach,
although each may have its own individual language and detailed
techniques.
</p>
<p>Most of the assessment processes also include a second step. After
identifying the impacts, they also consider what may be needed to avoid
or reduce adverse impacts.
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>Informal Assessments</b></font>
</p>
<p>In this module you will be looking at the EIA processes that are
required by governments, or by organisations that provides funds for
projects (such as the Work Bank). An EIA conducted under these processes
can be thought of as a ‘formal’ EIA, as it is required by formal
legislation or other agreement.
</p>
<p>However, in addition there are many possibilities of conducting
‘informal’ EIAs. This is especially the case where assessment is
incorporated in internal processes of corporations. Informal EIA, such
as the environment assessment associated with an Environmental
Management Systems, requires identification and documentation of
potential impacts, plus the reporting of how those impacts would be
managed. No matter whether the assessment process is formal or informal,
or what terms are used, the same principle (above) is involved.
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>Social and political nature of EIA</b></font>
</p>
<p>While EIA has been viewed as a technical process, it is inherently a
political process. EIA evolved from the politics surrounding the impacts
that development projects were having on the environment. Once
established it became dominated by technocratic approaches, which may
lead to people ignoring social, political and economic conditions.
However, EIA is political in terms of the way in which governments
legislate for EIA, and the ways in which value judgments and political
decisions, at the level of the individual, permeate virtually every
element of EIA. A significant political issue is the choice of proposals
to which EIA is applied (this is at the ‘screening‘ stage; Section
4). This can be a value judgement where one type of project requires an
EIA, while others do not. Other value judgements come into decisions
about what environmental issues should be covered in the EIA (scoping;
Section 5), which pieces of information are included in the EIA Report
(Section 8), and how the information is presented to the
decision-makers.
</p>
<p>There are ‘checks and balances’ in the EIA process to moderate
some of these influences, especially where the public has the chance to
be involved (see Section 3). However, there are few opportunities
through the stages in the EIA process for the public to be involved.
Even when they have the opportunity, the public’s ability to be involved
in the EIA process has been limited by the resources available
(especially time and expertise).
</p>
<p><font size="3"><b>Overview of issues</b></font>
</p>
<p>This module provides you with an introduction to the way in which EIA
operates. As a result the module focuses on the technical aspects of
EIA to help you understand how to conduct an EIA.
</p>
<p>The module spends only very limited time discussing other assessment
types, or the political nature of EIA. However, when you are engaged in
the technical side of EIA you are encouraged to remember these issues as
they may have an effect on the way your EIA is undertaken, and its
outcomes.
</p>
<p></p>
</div>
<div class="storycontent">
</div>
<div class="meta">August 1, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — ralph @ 2:21 pm </div>
<div class="feedback">
<a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145#comments" title="Comment on 1-1 Background">Comments (10)</a> </div>
</div>
<h2 id="comments">10 Comments
<a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a>
</h2>
<ol id="commentlist">
<li id="comment-34">
<p>I am really impressed with this OER. It is the best online
educational resources I have ever come across. The design, arrangement
and simplicity of the material is all superb. Rating 5 on 5</p>
<p><cite>Comment by R. A. Abang — February 20, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-34">10:02 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-262">
<p>This Course Module on EIA is of great value and interest and the principles will help in urban planing and urban administration.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Constanza Noriega — April 10, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-262">10:22 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-283">
<p>Thanks for your positive comments. We appreciate them. </p>
<p>How do you think we can made this open educational resource even better?</p>
<p>Brendan Barrett</p>
<p><cite>Comment by brendan — April 16, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-283">1:29 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-23234">
<p>juz wanna say thank you for the info……..it really helps…</p>
<p><cite>Comment by JLYNPITH — October 30, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-23234">11:57 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-29456">
<p>De verdad,es muy util este curso,pero mas provechocos también a
todos los hispanos parlantes y asi sería mas interesante,Atte,Javier
Martínez Perú-Argentina</p>
<p><cite>Comment by JAVIER MARTINEZ — February 19, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-29456">7:31 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-41042">
<p>Hi there, like the others i wanted to say that this has been
invaluable. im studying am module of this at university and these notes
are alot clearer than the ones i received!</p>
<p>To make it better – maybe off pdf version for download – as the flash
images are nice but difficult to copy the information to study?</p>
<p>Also i saw you have an SEA section, but only by altering the url at
the top did i find it – are there any links on this page for me to look
at other courses you have?</p>
<p>i think you should circulate this website to academics who can pass it on to students.. it is invaluable!</p>
<p>many thanks<br>
Jo</p>
<p><cite>Comment by Joanna Langhelt — May 18, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-41042">2:31 am</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-45288">
<p>gives us very valuable and useful informations</p>
<p><cite>Comment by keerthan — September 12, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45288">6:32 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-81073">
<p>this is simple and is very useful for my studies especially when i am learning online </p>
<p>cheers<br>
John</p>
<p><cite>Comment by John — August 4, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-81073">4:58 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-97937">
<p>the document is verry intaresting for geography and environmental menagement students for the course EIA.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by wendafrash geremu — November 16, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-97937">4:58 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
<li id="comment-108711">
<p>Very good information for EIA Students.</p>
<p><cite>Comment by M.A.BALAN NAIR — January 23, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-108711">2:42 pm</a></cite> </p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=145"><abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr> feed for comments on this post.</a>
<a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-trackback.php?p=145" rel="trackback">TrackBack <abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr></a>
</p>
<h2 id="postcomment">Leave a comment</h2>
<form action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform">
<p><input name="author" id="author" size="22" tabindex="1" type="text">
<label for="author"><small>Name (required)</small></label></p>
<p><input name="email" id="email" size="22" tabindex="2" type="text">
<label for="email"><small>Mail (will not be published) (required)</small></label></p>
<p><input name="url" id="url" size="22" tabindex="3" type="text">
<label for="url"><small>Website</small></label></p>
<!--<p><small><strong>XHTML:</strong> You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong> </small></p>-->
<p><textarea name="comment" id="comment" cols="100%" rows="10" tabindex="4"></textarea></p>
<p>
<input name="comment_post_ID" value="145" type="hidden">
</p>
<script type="text/javascript">
var RecaptchaOptions = { theme : 'white', tabindex : 5 };
</script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/challenge"></script>
<noscript class="noscript-show"><span>
<iframe src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/noscript.html" frameborder="0" height="300" width="500"></iframe><br>
<textarea name="recaptcha_challenge_field" rows="3" cols="40"></textarea>
<input name="recaptcha_response_field" value="manual_challenge" type="hidden">
</span></noscript> <div id="recaptcha-submit-btn-area"><input name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="6" class="button" value="Submit Comment" type="submit"></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var sub = document.getElementById('submit');
sub.parentNode.removeChild(sub);
document.getElementById('recaptcha-submit-btn-area').appendChild (sub);
document.getElementById('submit').tabIndex = 6;
if ( typeof _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment != 'undefined') {
document.getElementById('comment').value = _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment;
}
</script>
<noscript>
<style type='text/css'>#submit {display:none;}</style>
<input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit-alt" tabindex="6" value="Submit Comment"/>
</noscript>
</form>
</div>
<!-- footer -->
<div id="footer">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/about.html">About</a></li>
<li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/download.html">Download</a></li>
<li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/disclaimer.html">Disclaimer</a></li>
<li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/copyright.html">Copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/contact.html">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="university"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/unu_logo_white.gif" alt="United Nations University" height="50" width="109"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/footer_link2.gif" alt="UNEP" height="50" width="40"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/Gvu-logo.gif" alt="GVU" height="50" width="141"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/RMIT.gif" alt="RMIT" height="50" width="106"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/USP.gif" alt="USP" height="50" width="137"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/e-201312.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
st_go({blog:'3787197',v:'ext',post:'145'});
var load_cmc = function(){linktracker_init(3787197,145,2);};
if ( typeof addLoadEvent != 'undefined' ) addLoadEvent(load_cmc);
else load_cmc();
</script>
</body></html>
|
