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Background" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25"> +<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4"> + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/urchin.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> +<script type="text/javascript"> + _uacct = "UA-254067-1"; +urchinTracker(); +</script> +</head> +<body> + + +<!-- this is by kouji . system header start ----------- --------------------------------------------> + +<div id="main"> +<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div> +<!-- end header --> + +<!-- begin sidebar --> + <div id="nav"> +<ul id="navul"> + <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 322px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-101 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li> + +</ul> + <script type="text/javascript"> + <!-- // + UNU.prepareNavigation(); + //--> + </script> +<form method="get" id="searchform" action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/"> +<div> +<input name="s" id="s" type="text"><input id="searchbtn" value="Search" type="submit"> +</div> +</form> + + </div> +<!-- end sidebar --> + + + +<div id="content"> + +<div id="padding"> + + + +<div class="post" id="post-101"> + <h1 class="storytitle">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" rel="bookmark"></a></h1> + <div class="storycontent"> + <p>EIA systems can be described by reference to three components: +</p> +<ol> +<li>the legal and institutional framework of regulation, guidance and +procedure, which establishes the requirements for the conduct of EIA; + </li> +<li>the steps and activities of the EIA process, as applied to specific types of proposals; and + </li> +<li>the practice and performance of EIA, as evidenced by the quality of +EIA reports prepared, the decisions taken and the environmental benefits + delivered. + </li> +</ol> +<p><font size="3"><b>Legal and institutional framework</b></font> +</p> +<p>The provision for EIA may be made through legislation, administrative + order or policy directive. Many countries have now enacted some type of + EIA legislation, which generally can be classified into either a +comprehensive or enabling statute. Clear and specific legal provision is + internationally accepted as the most appropriate basis for EIA. In many + cases, regulations (mandatory rules) and procedural guidance (advisory +interpretation) elaborate how EIA legislation is to be implemented. +Further information of these arrangements can be found in Section 2 – +Law, policy and institutional arrangements. In this Section, note is +made only of the main features of the EIA legal and institutional +frameworks. These also comprise points of reference for developing or +strengthening an EIA system: +</p> +<p><font size="2"><b>Basic responsibilities</b></font> +</p> +<p>The proponent normally carries out the EIA in accordance with +directions given by the competent authority (usually the agency which +makes the final decision on the proposal but in certain cases an +independent commission or panel). An environment agency (or in some +cases a specialised EIA body) oversees the process and reviews the study + with inputs from other government departments. Usually, EIA studies are + carried out by an interdisciplinary team, which is appointed +specifically to the task and has an appropriate range of scientific, +economic and social expertise. +</p> +<p><font size="2"><b>Scope of application</b></font> +</p> +<p>Some EIA systems are relatively narrow in coverage; e.g. limited to +projects of a specified type and size. Others have a broader remit, for +example encompassing all proposals that have potentially significant +adverse environmental impacts. In addition, the environment is defined +broadly; for example to include social, health and cumulative effects. +The inclusion of these broader aspects of EIA are now accepted as the +international standard of good practice and their coverage should be +mandatory. +</p> +<p><font size="2"><b>Consideration of alternatives</b></font> +</p> +<p>Consideration of alternatives is mandatory in some EIA systems but +discretionary in others. Varied provision is made for including a range +of alternatives to a proposal, and there are different requirements for +the evaluation and comparison of alternatives as part of the EIA +process. At a minimum, explicit provision should be made for the +consideration of the main or ‘reasonable’ alternatives to a proposal + (including no action). This component is a critical determinant of +effective EIA. +</p> +<p><font size="2"><b>Public involvement</b></font> +</p> +<p>This is a cornerstone of EIA and most systems include provision for +public involvement. However, there are marked differences in specific +requirements; e.g. regarding access to information, procedures for +notification and involvement of the public, the stage of the EIA process + at which these are applied and third party rights of appeal. At a +minimum, public involvement should take account of the concerns of those + directly affected by a proposal. +</p> +<p><font size="2"><b>Quality control and assurance</b></font> +</p> +<p>Within EIA systems, the components described above provide a set of +legal and institutional controls on the quality and effectiveness of the + process. In addition, the main stages of the EIA process itself +constitute a further set of procedural checks and balances. The +respective functions of each stage are described below; however, they +should be applied iteratively as part of a ‘whole process’ approach +to provide EIA quality assurance. +</p> +<p> <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/images/Generalised_EIA.pdf"><br> +<img alt="" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/Generalised-EIA.gif" hspace="0" vspace="0" border="0" align="right"> </a></p> +<p><font size="3"><b>EIA process</b></font> +</p> +<p>The particular components, stages and activities of an EIA process +will depend upon the requirements of the country or donor. However, most + EIA processes have a common structure (see flow chart below and watch +the video) and the application of the main stages is a basic standard of + good practice. Typically, the EIA process begins with screening to +ensure time and resources are directed at the proposals that matter +environmentally. It should end with some form of follow up on the +implementation of the decisions and actions taken as a result of an EIA +report. +</p> +<p>(click on the EIA Process Flowchart at the right) +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>EIA practice and outcomes</b></font> +</p> +<p>Marked variations occur in the quality of EIA practice and outcomes +among countries, reflecting the legal provisions, institutional +arrangements and procedures that are in force in different +jurisdictions. In addition, the quality of EIA practice varies on a +case-by-case basis within the same system, depending upon events, the +complexity of the proposal, the experience of those involved and the +time and money allocated. Strengths and weaknesses of EIA practice are +well documented in the literature, generally and with reference to the +experience of certain countries and types of projects. +</p> +<div class="flvPlayer"> <object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" height="260" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://eia.unu.edu/flvplayer.swf?file=http://eia.unu.edu/course/animation/01a_the_eia_process.flv&autoStart=false;"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/flvplayer.swf" quality="high" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" height="260" width="320"><br> + </object></div> +<p></p> +<p>Widely recognised deficiencies of EIA practice include: +</p> +<ul> +<li>Technical shortcomings, expressed by the poor quality of many EIA +reports. The accuracy of impact predictions, the utility of mitigation +and management measures, and the relevance of reports for +decision-making often fall short of internationally accepted standards. + </li> +<li>Procedural limitations, including inconsistencies in process +administration and guidance. Time delays and costs of applying EA remain + a serious concern for project proponents. Affected communities are more + concerned with the lack of quality control of EIA studies or +enforcement of mitigation measures. + </li> +<li>Structural issues, stemming from the application of EIA as a +separate process, unrelated to the project cycle or the larger context +of decisionmaking. + </li> +<li>In order to be effective, EIA requires a coherent policy-planning +framework and systematic follow up procedures. Often neither area is +well established. + </li> +</ul> +<p>A number of studies have drawn attention to the particular +constraints on EIA practice in developing countries as compared to +developed ones. However, most developing countries have some experience +in EIA and some have a considerable track record, predating the +introduction of the EIA Directive in Europe. There are particular +limitations on domestic EIA practice in poorer countries, where +typically institutional arrangements are weak, and human, technical and +financial resources are lacking. In these circumstances, the development + banks and international aid agencies play a major role, both long-term +through capacity building for the environment and immediately through +their own EIA requirements. +</p> +<p>What constitute good outcomes for EIA practice? Where international +standards apply or can be approximated, the following targets should be +within the reach of EIA practice: +</p> +<ul> +<li>screens out environmentally unsound projects; + </li> +<li>modifies the design of feasible proposals to reduce their environmental impact; + </li> +<li>identifies the best practicable environmental option; + </li> +<li>predicts the significant adverse effects of proposals with reasonable accuracy; + </li> +<li>identifies mitigation measures that work successfully to avoid, reduce and offset major impacts; + </li> +<li>influences decision making and approvals and the implementation of terms and conditions; and + </li> +<li>results in environmental gains and benefits relative to other options. + </li> +</ul> + </div> + <div class="storycontent"> + </div> + <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — brendan @ 12:05 pm </div> + <div class="feedback"> + <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101#comments" title="Comment on 1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">Comments (14)</a> </div> + +</div> + + +<h2 id="comments">14 Comments + <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a> +</h2> + +<ol id="commentlist"> + + <li id="comment-4243"> + <p>This is such a very helpful sight for non-technical persons like me +who are in environmental work. The video clip enabled me to easily +understand the eia process.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://tanggol.org/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/tanggol.org');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">vida gonzales</a> — February 26, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-4243">4:56 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-4521"> + <p>I really got interest on this course module specially the videos are very explanatory and i like the way you present it<br> + thank you very much. I am doing my masters study in hydro power +development in NTNU. I was reading for exam in environmental impacts of +hydro power and I found the website to be very helpful. Thank you.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by YONAS — March 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-4521">7:27 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-5098"> + <p>I would like to cite some of this work…how do I cite it?</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Louise du Preez — April 11, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-5098">10:20 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-5177"> + <p>United Nations University (2007) Open Educational Resource on +Environmental Impact Assessment, based on the UNEP EIA Training Manual, +access at <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/" rel="nofollow">http://eia.unu.edu</a></p> + <p><cite>Comment by brendan — April 14, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-5177">9:50 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-29809"> + <p>I as unable to view the video on EIA process and would like the video to be emailed to me please.<br> +Thanks</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Susan — March 6, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-29809">3:18 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-32620"> + <p>Excellent…the language, the graphics, the pace. Very friendly. This +makes studying and preparing for exams so much easier and enjoyable.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Andrea — July 5, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32620">2:03 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-35559"> + <p>This has been very useful in my understanding the process of +EIA.Relevant in my exam preperation.Am doing a module -Environmental +management in which EIA was treated for my MSC course in Industrial +Environmental Management. Thanks.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by BUKOLA BROWN — December 12, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-35559">10:34 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-46690"> + <p>Thank you for having this web site in the internate.<br> +I am Msc. student in Environmental Science at Addis Ababa University. I +am interested to have your course module, because its acadamic +usefulness is unquestioable. Would you send it to me,please?<br> +I appreciate your hard work.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by GETENET GEDLU — November 17, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-46690">2:03 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-55774"> + <p>I as unable to view the video on EIA process and would like the video to be emailed to me please.<br> + Thanks</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Doyin — July 9, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-55774">8:03 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-58754"> + <p>This sight has really helped me by providing important information about EIA. Keep it up for the good work.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Mark Mkutano — October 7, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-58754">7:06 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-61386"> + <p>Helped me a lot in my revision for my EIA Exam. Currently a 3rd Year + student reading for a B.A. (Hons.) Geography at the University of +Malta.</p> +<p>Thanks :)</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Darren — January 30, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61386">9:24 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-63341"> + <p>This has been very useful in my understanding the process of EIA</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://google/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/google');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">irshad khan</a> — April 26, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-63341">4:41 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-106585"> + <p>I love this course. Can you please email me the video? The processes are so easy to remember when we look at the video.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Jennie — January 9, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106585">3:47 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-106665"> + <p>Thank you for the team for this wonderful work. I’ve read all the +chapters and the activities were effective. I’ve downloaded the video +and information from your files too. Cheers.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Jennie — January 10, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106665">12:28 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + +</ol> + + +<p><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=101"><abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr> feed for comments on this post.</a> +</p> + +<h2 id="postcomment">Leave a comment</h2> + + +<form action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform"> + + +<p><input name="author" id="author" size="22" tabindex="1" type="text"> +<label for="author"><small>Name (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="email" id="email" size="22" tabindex="2" type="text"> +<label for="email"><small>Mail (will not be published) (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="url" id="url" size="22" tabindex="3" type="text"> +<label for="url"><small>Website</small></label></p> + + +<!--<p><small><strong>XHTML:</strong> You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong> </small></p>--> + +<p><textarea name="comment" id="comment" cols="100%" rows="10" tabindex="4"></textarea></p> + +<p> +<input name="comment_post_ID" value="101" type="hidden"> +</p> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var RecaptchaOptions = { theme : 'white', tabindex : 5 }; + </script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/challenge"></script> + + <noscript class="noscript-show"><span> + <iframe src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/noscript.html" frameborder="0" height="300" width="500"></iframe><br> + <textarea name="recaptcha_challenge_field" rows="3" cols="40"></textarea> + <input name="recaptcha_response_field" value="manual_challenge" type="hidden"> + </span></noscript> <div id="recaptcha-submit-btn-area"><input name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="6" class="button" value="Submit Comment" type="submit"></div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var sub = document.getElementById('submit'); + sub.parentNode.removeChild(sub); + document.getElementById('recaptcha-submit-btn-area').appendChild (sub); + document.getElementById('submit').tabIndex = 6; + if ( typeof _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment != 'undefined') { + document.getElementById('comment').value = _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment; + } + </script> + <noscript> + <style type='text/css'>#submit {display:none;}</style> + <input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit-alt" tabindex="6" value="Submit Comment"/> + </noscript> +</form> + + + + +</div> +<!-- footer --> + <div id="footer"> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/about.html">About</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/download.html">Download</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/disclaimer.html">Disclaimer</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/copyright.html">Copyright</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/contact.html">Contact</a></li> + </ul> + + <div id="university"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/unu_logo_white.gif" alt="United Nations University" height="50" width="109"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/footer_link2.gif" alt="UNEP" height="50" width="40"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/Gvu-logo.gif" alt="GVU" height="50" width="141"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/RMIT.gif" alt="RMIT" height="50" width="106"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/USP.gif" alt="USP" height="50" width="137"></div> + </div> + + + </div> + </div> + + + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/e-201312.js" type="text/javascript"></script> +<script type="text/javascript"> +st_go({blog:'3787197',v:'ext',post:'101'}); +var load_cmc = function(){linktracker_init(3787197,101,2);}; +if ( typeof addLoadEvent != 'undefined' ) addLoadEvent(load_cmc); +else load_cmc(); +</script> + + +</body></html>
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