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authorrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
committerrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
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tree54ffa9b60bd255740c312f245db97c63fa78c86e /assignment1/materials/Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-5 Key elements of the EIA process.html
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+<link rel="index" title="Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course">
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+<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div>
+<!-- end header -->
+
+<!-- begin sidebar -->
+ <div id="nav">
+<ul id="navul">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 322px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-101 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li>
+
+</ul>
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+<div class="post" id="post-101">
+ <h1 class="storytitle">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ <p>EIA systems can be described by reference to three components:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li>the legal and institutional framework of regulation, guidance and
+procedure, which establishes the requirements for the conduct of EIA;
+ </li>
+<li>the steps and activities of the EIA process, as applied to specific types of proposals; and
+ </li>
+<li>the practice and performance of EIA, as evidenced by the quality of
+EIA reports prepared, the decisions taken and the environmental benefits
+ delivered.
+ </li>
+</ol>
+<p><font size="3"><b>Legal and institutional framework</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>The provision for EIA may be made through legislation, administrative
+ order or policy directive. Many countries have now enacted some type of
+ EIA legislation, which generally can be classified into either a
+comprehensive or enabling statute. Clear and specific legal provision is
+ internationally accepted as the most appropriate basis for EIA. In many
+ cases, regulations (mandatory rules) and procedural guidance (advisory
+interpretation) elaborate how EIA legislation is to be implemented.
+Further information of these arrangements can be found in Section 2 –
+Law, policy and institutional arrangements. In this Section, note is
+made only of the main features of the EIA legal and institutional
+frameworks. These also comprise points of reference for developing or
+strengthening an EIA system:
+</p>
+<p><font size="2"><b>Basic responsibilities</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>The proponent normally carries out the EIA in accordance with
+directions given by the competent authority (usually the agency which
+makes the final decision on the proposal but in certain cases an
+independent commission or panel). An environment agency (or in some
+cases a specialised EIA body) oversees the process and reviews the study
+ with inputs from other government departments. Usually, EIA studies are
+ carried out by an interdisciplinary team, which is appointed
+specifically to the task and has an appropriate range of scientific,
+economic and social expertise.
+</p>
+<p><font size="2"><b>Scope of application</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>Some EIA systems are relatively narrow in coverage; e.g. limited to
+projects of a specified type and size. Others have a broader remit, for
+example encompassing all proposals that have potentially significant
+adverse environmental impacts. In addition, the environment is defined
+broadly; for example to include social, health and cumulative effects.
+The inclusion of these broader aspects of EIA are now accepted as the
+international standard of good practice and their coverage should be
+mandatory.
+</p>
+<p><font size="2"><b>Consideration of alternatives</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>Consideration of alternatives is mandatory in some EIA systems but
+discretionary in others. Varied provision is made for including a range
+of alternatives to a proposal, and there are different requirements for
+the evaluation and comparison of alternatives as part of the EIA
+process. At a minimum, explicit provision should be made for the
+consideration of the main or ‘reasonable’ alternatives to a proposal
+ (including no action). This component is a critical determinant of
+effective EIA.
+</p>
+<p><font size="2"><b>Public involvement</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>This is a cornerstone of EIA and most systems include provision for
+public involvement. However, there are marked differences in specific
+requirements; e.g. regarding access to information, procedures for
+notification and involvement of the public, the stage of the EIA process
+ at which these are applied and third party rights of appeal. At a
+minimum, public involvement should take account of the concerns of those
+ directly affected by a proposal.
+</p>
+<p><font size="2"><b>Quality control and assurance</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>Within EIA systems, the components described above provide a set of
+legal and institutional controls on the quality and effectiveness of the
+ process. In addition, the main stages of the EIA process itself
+constitute a further set of procedural checks and balances. The
+respective functions of each stage are described below; however, they
+should be applied iteratively as part of a ‘whole process’ approach
+to provide EIA quality assurance.
+</p>
+<p> <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/images/Generalised_EIA.pdf"><br>
+<img alt="" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/Generalised-EIA.gif" hspace="0" vspace="0" border="0" align="right"> </a></p>
+<p><font size="3"><b>EIA process</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>The particular components, stages and activities of an EIA process
+will depend upon the requirements of the country or donor. However, most
+ EIA processes have a common structure (see flow chart below and watch
+the video) and the application of the main stages is a basic standard of
+ good practice. Typically, the EIA process begins with screening to
+ensure time and resources are directed at the proposals that matter
+environmentally. It should end with some form of follow up on the
+implementation of the decisions and actions taken as a result of an EIA
+report.
+</p>
+<p>(click on the EIA Process Flowchart at the right)
+</p>
+<p><font size="3"><b>EIA practice and outcomes</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>Marked variations occur in the quality of EIA practice and outcomes
+among countries, reflecting the legal provisions, institutional
+arrangements and procedures that are in force in different
+jurisdictions. In addition, the quality of EIA practice varies on a
+case-by-case basis within the same system, depending upon events, the
+complexity of the proposal, the experience of those involved and the
+time and money allocated. Strengths and weaknesses of EIA practice are
+well documented in the literature, generally and with reference to the
+experience of certain countries and types of projects.
+</p>
+<div class="flvPlayer"> <object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,0,0" height="260" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://eia.unu.edu/flvplayer.swf?file=http://eia.unu.edu/course/animation/01a_the_eia_process.flv&amp;autoStart=false;"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-5%20Key%20elements%20of%20the%20EIA%20process_files/flvplayer.swf" quality="high" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" height="260" width="320"><br>
+ </object></div>
+<p></p>
+<p>Widely recognised deficiencies of EIA practice include:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Technical shortcomings, expressed by the poor quality of many EIA
+reports. The accuracy of impact predictions, the utility of mitigation
+and management measures, and the relevance of reports for
+decision-making often fall short of internationally accepted standards.
+ </li>
+<li>Procedural limitations, including inconsistencies in process
+administration and guidance. Time delays and costs of applying EA remain
+ a serious concern for project proponents. Affected communities are more
+ concerned with the lack of quality control of EIA studies or
+enforcement of mitigation measures.
+ </li>
+<li>Structural issues, stemming from the application of EIA as a
+separate process, unrelated to the project cycle or the larger context
+of decisionmaking.
+ </li>
+<li>In order to be effective, EIA requires a coherent policy-planning
+framework and systematic follow up procedures. Often neither area is
+well established.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>A number of studies have drawn attention to the particular
+constraints on EIA practice in developing countries as compared to
+developed ones. However, most developing countries have some experience
+in EIA and some have a considerable track record, predating the
+introduction of the EIA Directive in Europe. There are particular
+limitations on domestic EIA practice in poorer countries, where
+typically institutional arrangements are weak, and human, technical and
+financial resources are lacking. In these circumstances, the development
+ banks and international aid agencies play a major role, both long-term
+through capacity building for the environment and immediately through
+their own EIA requirements.
+</p>
+<p>What constitute good outcomes for EIA practice? Where international
+standards apply or can be approximated, the following targets should be
+within the reach of EIA practice:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>screens out environmentally unsound projects;
+ </li>
+<li>modifies the design of feasible proposals to reduce their environmental impact;
+ </li>
+<li>identifies the best practicable environmental option;
+ </li>
+<li>predicts the significant adverse effects of proposals with reasonable accuracy;
+ </li>
+<li>identifies mitigation measures that work successfully to avoid, reduce and offset major impacts;
+ </li>
+<li>influences decision making and approvals and the implementation of terms and conditions; and
+ </li>
+<li>results in environmental gains and benefits relative to other options.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+ </div>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ </div>
+ <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — brendan @ 12:05 pm </div>
+ <div class="feedback">
+ <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101#comments" title="Comment on 1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">Comments (14)</a> </div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h2 id="comments">14 Comments
+ <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a>
+</h2>
+
+<ol id="commentlist">
+
+ <li id="comment-4243">
+ <p>This is such a very helpful sight for non-technical persons like me
+who are in environmental work. The video clip enabled me to easily
+understand the eia process.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://tanggol.org/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/tanggol.org');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">vida gonzales</a> — February 26, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-4243">4:56 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-4521">
+ <p>I really got interest on this course module specially the videos are very explanatory and i like the way you present it<br>
+ thank you very much. I am doing my masters study in hydro power
+development in NTNU. I was reading for exam in environmental impacts of
+hydro power and I found the website to be very helpful. Thank you.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by YONAS — March 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-4521">7:27 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-5098">
+ <p>I would like to cite some of this work…how do I cite it?</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Louise du Preez — April 11, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-5098">10:20 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-5177">
+ <p>United Nations University (2007) Open Educational Resource on
+Environmental Impact Assessment, based on the UNEP EIA Training Manual,
+access at <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/" rel="nofollow">http://eia.unu.edu</a></p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by brendan — April 14, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-5177">9:50 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-29809">
+ <p>I as unable to view the video on EIA process and would like the video to be emailed to me please.<br>
+Thanks</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Susan — March 6, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-29809">3:18 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-32620">
+ <p>Excellent…the language, the graphics, the pace. Very friendly. This
+makes studying and preparing for exams so much easier and enjoyable.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Andrea — July 5, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32620">2:03 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-35559">
+ <p>This has been very useful in my understanding the process of
+EIA.Relevant in my exam preperation.Am doing a module -Environmental
+management in which EIA was treated for my MSC course in Industrial
+Environmental Management. Thanks.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by BUKOLA BROWN — December 12, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-35559">10:34 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-46690">
+ <p>Thank you for having this web site in the internate.<br>
+I am Msc. student in Environmental Science at Addis Ababa University. I
+am interested to have your course module, because its acadamic
+usefulness is unquestioable. Would you send it to me,please?<br>
+I appreciate your hard work.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by GETENET GEDLU — November 17, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-46690">2:03 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-55774">
+ <p>I as unable to view the video on EIA process and would like the video to be emailed to me please.<br>
+ Thanks</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Doyin — July 9, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-55774">8:03 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-58754">
+ <p>This sight has really helped me by providing important information about EIA. Keep it up for the good work.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Mark Mkutano — October 7, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-58754">7:06 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-61386">
+ <p>Helped me a lot in my revision for my EIA Exam. Currently a 3rd Year
+ student reading for a B.A. (Hons.) Geography at the University of
+Malta.</p>
+<p>Thanks :)</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Darren — January 30, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61386">9:24 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-63341">
+ <p>This has been very useful in my understanding the process of EIA</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://google/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/google');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">irshad khan</a> — April 26, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-63341">4:41 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-106585">
+ <p>I love this course. Can you please email me the video? The processes are so easy to remember when we look at the video.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Jennie — January 9, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106585">3:47 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-106665">
+ <p>Thank you for the team for this wonderful work. I’ve read all the
+chapters and the activities were effective. I’ve downloaded the video
+and information from your files too. Cheers.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Jennie — January 10, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106665">12:28 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+
+</ol>
+
+
+<p><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&amp;page_id=101"><abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr> feed for comments on this post.</a>
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