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Background" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25"> +<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4"> + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/urchin.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> +<script type="text/javascript"> + _uacct = "UA-254067-1"; +urchinTracker(); +</script> +</head> +<body> + + +<!-- this is by kouji . system header start ----------- --------------------------------------------> + +<div id="main"> +<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div> +<!-- end header --> + +<!-- begin sidebar --> + <div id="nav"> +<ul id="navul"> + <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-93 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li> + +</ul> + <script type="text/javascript"> + <!-- // + UNU.prepareNavigation(); + //--> + </script> +<form method="get" id="searchform" action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/"> +<div> +<input name="s" id="s" type="text"><input id="searchbtn" value="Search" type="submit"> +</div> +</form> + + </div> +<!-- end sidebar --> + + + +<div id="content"> + +<div id="padding"> + + + +<div class="post" id="post-93"> + <h1 class="storytitle">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" rel="bookmark"></a></h1> + <div class="storycontent"> + <p>Simply defined, EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict +and evaluate the environmental effects of proposed actions and projects. + This process is applied prior to major decisions and commitments being +made. A broad definition of environment is adopted. Whenever appropriate + social, cultural and health effects are considered as an integral part +of EIA. Particular attention is given in EIA practice to preventing, +mitigating and offsetting the significant adverse effects of proposed +undertakings. +</p> +<p>The purpose of EIA is to: +</p> +<ul> +<li>provide information for decision-making on the environmental consequences of proposed actions; and + </li> +<li>promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through +the identification of appropriate enhancement and mitigation measures. + </li> +</ul> +<p>Sustainable development is a key concept that has gained increasing +international acceptance during the last two decades. A milestone in +this process was the ‘Brundtland’ report, which defined sustainable +development as ‘development that meets the needs of today’s +generation without compromising those of future generations’. Five +years later, the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), +the Earth Summit, established a number of international agreements, +declarations and commitments (see table below). Agenda 21, the global +action plan for sustainable development, emphasises the importance of +integrated environment and development decision-making and promotes the +use of EIA and other policy instruments for this purpose. +</p> +<table> +<caption><b>Four cornerstones of the Earth Summit</b></caption> +<thead> +<tr><th style="width: 40%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Cornerstone</b> + </th> +<th style="width: 60%; background-color: rgb(143, 156, 184);"><b>Summary</b> + </th> +</tr></thead> +<tfoot> +<tr><td colspan="2"><i></i><br> + + </td> +</tr></tfoot> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td><b>The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</b> + </td> +<td>A set of principles which provide guidance on achieving sustainable development. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>Framework Convention on Climate Change</b> + </td> +<td>An international treaty to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>Convention on Biological Diversity</b> + </td> +<td>An international convention with three objectives: the conservation +of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the +equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>Agenda 21</b> + </td> +<td>A global programme of action for achieving sustainable development +to which countries are ‘politically committed’ rather than legally +obligated. + </td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p><font size="3"><b>Perspectives on sustainable development</b></font> +</p> +<p>Sustainable development is an evolving concept, which is continually +being redefined and reinterpreted. The starting point for most people is + the ‘Brundtland definition’ (described above), which also can be +formally stated as twin principles of intra- and inter-generational +equity. In practice, these principles mean improving the welfare of the +world’s poor and maintaining the development opportunities for the +generations that follow. +</p> +<p>The challenge of sustainable development may be summarised by comparing three overriding indicators: +</p> +<ul> +<li>First, human activity is estimated to currently consume or pre-empt 40 per cent of net primary productivity on land. + </li> +<li>Second, 60 per cent of the world’s population live close to or under the poverty line. + </li> +<li>Third, the world’s population is projected to double by mid-century. + </li> +</ul> +<p>Without major policy and technology changes, UNEP and other +institutions have concluded that such trends threaten the stability of +the world community and the global environment. +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>Why EIA is important</b></font> +</p> +<p>Reducing the burden of environmental impacts is necessary if +development is to become sustainable. These impacts are more complex, +larger in scale and further reaching in their potential consequences +than thirty years ago when EIA was first introduced. As a result, EIA +has become of ever increasing importance as a tool for development +decision-making. +</p> +<p>This role is formally recognized in Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: +</p> +<blockquote><p>‘Environmental impact assessment, as a national +instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely +to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are +subject to a decision of a competent national authority’. +</p></blockquote> +<p>In practice, EIA is applied primarily to prevent or minimise the +adverse effects of major development proposals, such as power stations, +dams and reservoirs, industrial complexes, etc. It is also used as a +planning tool to promote sustainable development by integrating +environmental considerations into a wide range of proposed actions. Most + notably, strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policies and plans + focuses on the highest levels of decision making, when better account +can be taken of the environment in considering development alternatives +and options. More limited forms of EIA can be used to ensure that +smaller scale projects, conform to appropriate environmental standards +or site and design criteria. Such projects include dredging activities, +road realignment and upgrading, and housing subdivisions. +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>What are the aims and objectives of EIA?</b></font> +</p> +<p>The aims and objectives of EIA can be divided into two categories. +The immediate aim of EIA is to inform the process of decision-making by +identifying the potentially significant environmental effects and risks +of development proposals. The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to +promote sustainable development by ensuring that development proposals +do not undermine critical resource and ecological functions or the well +being, lifestyle and livelihood of the communities and peoples who +depend on them. +</p> +<p>Immediate objectives of EIA are to: +</p> +<ul> +<li>improve the environmental design of the proposal; + </li> +<li>ensure that resources are used appropriately and efficiently; + </li> +<li>identify appropriate measures for mitigating the potential impacts of the proposal; and + </li> +<li>facilitate informed decision making, including setting the environmental terms and conditions for implementing the proposal. + </li> +</ul> +<p>Long term objectives of EIA are to: +</p> +<ul> +<li>protect human health and safety; + </li> +<li>avoid irreversible changes and serious damage to the environment; + </li> +<li>safeguard valued resources, natural areas and ecosystem components; and + </li> +<li>enhance the social aspects of the proposal. + </li> +</ul> +<p><font size="3"><b>Limitations of EIA</b></font> +</p> +<p>EIA is also a way of ensuring that environmental factors are +considered in decision-making process along with the traditional +economic and technical factors. Importantly EIA requires the scientific +(technical) and value issues to be dealt with in a single assessment +process. This helps in the proper consideration of all advantages and +disadvantages of a proposal. Environmental considerations may, +therefore, be set aside in favour of what are felt to be more important +considerations. Alternatively, predicted adverse effects on the +environment might lead to strict conditions being imposed to avoid these + effects or remedy any adverse effects, or perhaps lead to the complete +abandonment of a proposal. +</p> +<p>However, it is most important to recognise that EIA cannot be +regarded as a means of introducing an environmental “veto” power into +administrative decision-making processes. Decisions that are +unsatisfactory from an environmental point of view can still be made, +but with full knowledge of the environmental consequences. The final +decision about a proposal depends upon the likely severity of the +adverse effects, balanced against other expected benefits. +</p> +<p>In other words, EIA is an administrative process that identifies the +potential environmental effects of undertaking a proposal, and presents +these environmental effects alongside the other advantages and +disadvantages of the proposal to the decision-makers. In the vast +majority of EIA procedures this means that the outcome of the EIA +process provides advice to the decision-makers – it does not provide a + final decision. So, by itself, the EIA procedures cannot be expected to + stop a proposal – although this is an outcome that some members of +the general community and environment groups may expect. +</p> +<p>In summary then: +</p> +<ul> +<li>only a very small fraction of proposals are halted, permanently or +temporarily, as a direct result of EIA at the end of the review process; + </li> +<li>preemption or early withdrawal of unsound proposals has been reported though it has proved difficult to document; + </li> +<li>EIA has been useful in developing support for and confirmation of positive environmentally sound proposals; + </li> +<li>the greening or environmental improvement of proposed activities is frequently seen; and + </li> +<li>particular indirect effects of EIA are both instrumental (such as +where policy or institutional adjustments are made as a result of EIA +experience) and educational where participation in the EIA process leads + to positive changes in environmental attitudes and behavior. + </li> +</ul> +<p>With regard to the last point there is considerable advantage to the +general community where those people involved with the proposal, as well + as decision-makers, are required to think about the environmental +effects (and thence avoid negative effects), and the public can be made +aware of the details of the proposal. +</p> +<p>The limited power of EIA may seem to greatly reduce its value. +However, as you have seen there are many benefits that come from using +EIA. +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>Practical Examples and Case Studies</b></font> +</p> +<p>On the EIA wiki that accompanies this course module there are a large number of <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/wiki/index.php/Case_Studies">case studies</a> exploring EIA in practice. It is recommended that where possible you review these case studies and where possible add to them. </p> +<p>Another very interesting resource is the online video documentary produced by Prof. Sharon Beder dealing with the EIA for the <a href="http://www.herinst.org/envcrisis/tunnel/contents.html" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/article/www.herinst.org');">Sydney Harbour Tunnel</a> in Australia. +</p> +<p> </p> + </div> + <div class="storycontent"> + </div> + <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — brendan @ 11:43 am </div> + <div class="feedback"> + <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93#comments" title="Comment on 1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">Comments (27)</a> </div> + +</div> + + +<h2 id="comments">27 Comments + <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a> +</h2> + +<ol id="commentlist"> + + <li id="comment-624"> + <p>This material is so helpful. Keep up the good work</p> + <p><cite>Comment by hilda mensah — May 25, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-624">5:34 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-3738"> + <p>Your website is great! It provides us easy access to up-to-date and +useful information on practically all topics in environment and gender. +Thank you so much.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://cssac/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/CSSAC');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Cely Salazar Binoya, Ph.D0.</a> — February 1, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-3738">7:51 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-3739"> + <p>The EIA material is very helpful. Thanks a lot</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://cssac/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/CSSAC');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Cely Salazar Binoya, Ph.D.</a> — February 1, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-3739">7:54 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-6684"> + <p>its a very very nice web site ita realy help me now to solve any +problem in my assignment i m very thanksfull to the publishers of this +site and god bless u</p> + <p><cite>Comment by ahsan hu university — May 17, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-6684">2:54 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-9767"> + <p>I have been looking for information on EIA practice and was glad to +have eventually come across such a great site. Thank you so much, you +made my day</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Lineekela — July 17, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-9767">8:02 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-11868"> + <p>This doc will help me a lot in doing EIA here in the Philippines. I will share this with my students</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Carmie Liwag — August 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-11868">8:51 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-23908"> + <p>Very clear and cohesive, thank you!</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Jesse — November 6, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-23908">5:55 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-24458"> + <p>This the first time I have opened this website but have found it to +be user friendly, detailed in substance, I have decided to term it a +goldmine to the student, practitioner, lecturer and anybody who would +like to enrich their knowledge about EIA.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Magghangwe Alfred — November 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-24458">5:21 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-30472"> + <p>Thank you alot for the lecture notes on EIA.It is helpfull to me.<br> +May our ALMIGHTY GOD BLESS YOU.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by engera mambore — April 1, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-30472">12:28 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-31259"> + <p>Thank you!!! v. useful for my uni coursework, had all the info needed! like no other website i could find!<br> +Thank you again!!</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Roxy — April 20, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-31259">2:45 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-32554"> + <p>The information on this site was very useful to me.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Alandia — June 28, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32554">4:59 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-32739"> + <p>this is first after working 6 years in EIa i knew all about tha eia through this thanks</p> + <p><cite>Comment by G. Ponnusamy — July 21, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32739">1:59 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-41410"> + <p>good notes with world wide understandable english</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.yahoo.com/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.yahoo.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Magdalena Raymond</a> — June 4, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-41410">12:24 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-45676"> + <p>can you please elaborate the key environmental parameters that are assessed when determining a suitable site for a clinic?</p> + <p><cite>Comment by sephule — October 7, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45676">4:38 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-45994"> + <p>these are very good notes they give a very clear understanding of +the purpose as well as the aims of environmental impact assessment</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://webmail/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/webmail');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Y NOPOTSO</a> — October 22, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45994">11:46 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-50249"> + <p>at first i couldnt believe but after reviewing some notes i realize +that this could be help full from the bigginers to the higher level +student, researcher, practitioner, lecturer, proffesors and interested +stakeholders!</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Mathayo BARIKIEL — March 5, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-50249">7:42 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-52098"> + <p>Thank you so very much on this, most superb, presentation.</p> +<p>I am using this to supplement my studies in EIA. It is really helpful.</p> +<p>Cheers.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Predrag — April 22, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52098">5:57 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-52713"> + <p>EIA should always be an integral part of every scientific study as we try to cope up with recurrent global climatic changes.<br> +I’ve found the study extra beneficial</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://mozillafirefox/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/mozillafirefox');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">hobic</a> — May 8, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52713">5:57 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-52714"> + <p>found it interesting. EIA should be an integral topic of every scientific study</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://mozillafirefox/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/mozillafirefox');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">hobic</a> — May 8, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52714">5:59 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-58051"> + <p>EIA can be used by in rural areas if yes how? since im care iwould +like to know about the application if EIAs to the development. can +community assess the proposed development on their own? thanks for this +opportunity i will always getting involve.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by jali mh — September 13, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-58051">5:57 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-59588"> + <p>This material is very helpfull. I was about to go write my exam on +Environmental Management course and had a quick glance at your website +and it really helped me alot. Thanks</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Shoes — November 11, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-59588">7:39 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-60026"> + <p>This material is very brief and concise, I really love it . Keep it up</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Michael Acquah — December 1, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-60026">5:45 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-61548"> + <p>the material is so interesting that every one can get useful information regarding to EIA. </p> +<p> THANK U!!!!!!!!!!</p> + <p><cite>Comment by minuye hailu — February 6, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61548">7:22 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-61875"> + <p>Thank you very much, i have got all the info needed for my assignment.<br> +Its the best web site in internet</p> + <p><cite>Comment by chaitanya madhunapantula — February 21, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61875">3:30 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-63519"> + <p>improving decision on environment there should be an inforcement on EIA</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://nil/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/nil');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">meshack osiah</a> — May 3, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-63519">12:50 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-96819"> + <p>Thanks for your information on EIA , i would like to request sample +reports on all EIA procedures specifically starting with Project +registration report/document, Project Brief report, Scooping Report, EIA + final report and Non-Executive summary report on either Road project or + mining project.It will be very helpful to me once you send.</p> +<p>Thanks for your time and consideration.<br> +Meshack Osiah</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Meshack Osiah — November 10, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-96819">6:12 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-106207"> + <p>I have been looking for information on EIA practice and was glad to +have eventually come across such a great site. Thank you so much,</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.squidoo.com/all-about-writing-essay" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.squidoo.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">definition essay topics</a> — January 7, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106207">2:33 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + +</ol> + + +<p><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=93"><abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr> feed for comments on this post.</a> +</p> + +<h2 id="postcomment">Leave a comment</h2> + + +<form action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform"> + + +<p><input name="author" id="author" size="22" tabindex="1" type="text"> +<label for="author"><small>Name (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="email" id="email" size="22" tabindex="2" type="text"> +<label for="email"><small>Mail (will not be published) (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="url" id="url" size="22" tabindex="3" type="text"> +<label for="url"><small>Website</small></label></p> + + +<!--<p><small><strong>XHTML:</strong> You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong> </small></p>--> + +<p><textarea name="comment" id="comment" cols="100%" rows="10" tabindex="4"></textarea></p> + +<p> +<input name="comment_post_ID" value="93" type="hidden"> +</p> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var RecaptchaOptions = { theme : 'white', tabindex : 5 }; + </script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/challenge"></script> + + <noscript class="noscript-show"><span> + <iframe src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/noscript.html" frameborder="0" height="300" width="500"></iframe><br> + <textarea name="recaptcha_challenge_field" rows="3" cols="40"></textarea> + <input name="recaptcha_response_field" value="manual_challenge" type="hidden"> + </span></noscript> <div id="recaptcha-submit-btn-area"><input name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="6" class="button" value="Submit Comment" type="submit"></div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var sub = document.getElementById('submit'); + sub.parentNode.removeChild(sub); + document.getElementById('recaptcha-submit-btn-area').appendChild (sub); + document.getElementById('submit').tabIndex = 6; + if ( typeof _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment != 'undefined') { + document.getElementById('comment').value = _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment; + } + </script> + <noscript> + <style type='text/css'>#submit {display:none;}</style> + <input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit-alt" tabindex="6" value="Submit Comment"/> + </noscript> +</form> + + + + +</div> +<!-- footer --> + <div id="footer"> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/about.html">About</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/download.html">Download</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/disclaimer.html">Disclaimer</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/copyright.html">Copyright</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/contact.html">Contact</a></li> + </ul> + + <div id="university"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/unu_logo_white.gif" alt="United Nations University" height="50" width="109"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/footer_link2.gif" alt="UNEP" height="50" width="40"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/Gvu-logo.gif" alt="GVU" height="50" width="141"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/RMIT.gif" alt="RMIT" height="50" width="106"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/USP.gif" alt="USP" height="50" width="137"></div> + </div> + + + </div> + </div> + + + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/e-201312.js" type="text/javascript"></script> +<script type="text/javascript"> +st_go({blog:'3787197',v:'ext',post:'93'}); +var load_cmc = function(){linktracker_init(3787197,93,2);}; +if ( typeof addLoadEvent != 'undefined' ) addLoadEvent(load_cmc); +else load_cmc(); +</script> + + +</body></html>
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