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authorrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
committerrekado <rekado@elephly.net>2013-03-31 22:38:16 +0800
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tree54ffa9b60bd255740c312f245db97c63fa78c86e /assignment1/materials/Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA.html
parent46d59cd8cdfc2d86fe4c7a50c2dea85a3752edc9 (diff)
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+<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-2%20Purpose%20and%20aims%20of%20EIA_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div>
+<!-- end header -->
+
+<!-- begin sidebar -->
+ <div id="nav">
+<ul id="navul">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-93 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span>
+<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;">
+ <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li>
+ <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li>
+<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li>
+
+</ul>
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ <!-- //
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+
+
+
+<div class="post" id="post-93">
+ <h1 class="storytitle">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" rel="bookmark"></a></h1>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ <p>Simply defined, EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict
+and evaluate the environmental effects of proposed actions and projects.
+ This process is applied prior to major decisions and commitments being
+made. A broad definition of environment is adopted. Whenever appropriate
+ social, cultural and health effects are considered as an integral part
+of EIA. Particular attention is given in EIA practice to preventing,
+mitigating and offsetting the significant adverse effects of proposed
+undertakings.
+</p>
+<p>The purpose of EIA is to:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>provide information for decision-making on the environmental consequences of proposed actions; and
+ </li>
+<li>promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through
+the identification of appropriate enhancement and mitigation measures.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Sustainable development is a key concept that has gained increasing
+international acceptance during the last two decades. A milestone in
+this process was the ‘Brundtland’ report, which defined sustainable
+development as ‘development that meets the needs of today’s
+generation without compromising those of future generations’. Five
+years later, the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
+the Earth Summit, established a number of international agreements,
+declarations and commitments (see table below). Agenda 21, the global
+action plan for sustainable development, emphasises the importance of
+integrated environment and development decision-making and promotes the
+use of EIA and other policy instruments for this purpose.
+</p>
+<table>
+<caption><b>Four cornerstones of the Earth Summit</b></caption>
+<thead>
+<tr><th style="width: 40%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Cornerstone</b>
+ </th>
+<th style="width: 60%; background-color: rgb(143, 156, 184);"><b>Summary</b>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tfoot>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><i></i><br>
+
+ </td>
+</tr></tfoot>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><b>The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</b>
+ </td>
+<td>A set of principles which provide guidance on achieving sustainable development.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Framework Convention on Climate Change</b>
+ </td>
+<td>An international treaty to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Convention on Biological Diversity</b>
+ </td>
+<td>An international convention with three objectives: the conservation
+of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the
+equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><b>Agenda 21</b>
+ </td>
+<td>A global programme of action for achieving sustainable development
+to which countries are ‘politically committed’ rather than legally
+obligated.
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><font size="3"><b>Perspectives on sustainable development</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>Sustainable development is an evolving concept, which is continually
+being redefined and reinterpreted. The starting point for most people is
+ the ‘Brundtland definition’ (described above), which also can be
+formally stated as twin principles of intra- and inter-generational
+equity. In practice, these principles mean improving the welfare of the
+world’s poor and maintaining the development opportunities for the
+generations that follow.
+</p>
+<p>The challenge of sustainable development may be summarised by comparing three overriding indicators:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>First, human activity is estimated to currently consume or pre-empt 40 per cent of net primary productivity on land.
+ </li>
+<li>Second, 60 per cent of the world’s population live close to or under the poverty line.
+ </li>
+<li>Third, the world’s population is projected to double by mid-century.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Without major policy and technology changes, UNEP and other
+institutions have concluded that such trends threaten the stability of
+the world community and the global environment.
+</p>
+<p><font size="3"><b>Why EIA is important</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>Reducing the burden of environmental impacts is necessary if
+development is to become sustainable. These impacts are more complex,
+larger in scale and further reaching in their potential consequences
+than thirty years ago when EIA was first introduced. As a result, EIA
+has become of ever increasing importance as a tool for development
+decision-making.
+</p>
+<p>This role is formally recognized in Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development:
+</p>
+<blockquote><p>‘Environmental impact assessment, as a national
+instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely
+to have a&nbsp;significant adverse impact on the environment and are
+subject to a decision of a competent national authority’.
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>In practice, EIA is applied primarily to prevent or minimise the
+adverse effects of major development proposals, such as power stations,
+dams and reservoirs, industrial complexes, etc. It is also used as a
+planning tool to promote sustainable development by integrating
+environmental considerations into a wide range of proposed actions. Most
+ notably, strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policies and plans
+ focuses on the highest levels of decision making, when better account
+can be taken of the environment in considering development alternatives
+and options. More limited forms of EIA can be used to ensure that
+smaller scale projects, conform to appropriate environmental standards
+or site and design criteria. Such projects include dredging activities,
+road realignment and upgrading, and housing subdivisions.
+</p>
+<p><font size="3"><b>What are the aims and objectives of EIA?</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>The aims and objectives of EIA can be divided into two categories.
+The immediate aim of EIA is to inform the process of decision-making by
+identifying the potentially significant environmental effects and risks
+of development proposals. The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to
+promote sustainable development by ensuring that development proposals
+do not undermine critical resource and ecological functions or the well
+being, lifestyle and livelihood of the communities and peoples who
+depend on them.
+</p>
+<p>Immediate objectives of EIA are to:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>improve the environmental design of the proposal;
+ </li>
+<li>ensure that resources are used appropriately and efficiently;
+ </li>
+<li>identify appropriate measures for mitigating the potential impacts of the proposal; and
+ </li>
+<li>facilitate informed decision making, including setting the environmental terms and conditions for implementing the proposal.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>Long term objectives of EIA are to:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>protect human health and safety;
+ </li>
+<li>avoid irreversible changes and serious damage to the environment;
+ </li>
+<li>safeguard valued resources, natural areas and ecosystem components; and&nbsp;
+ </li>
+<li>enhance the social aspects of the proposal.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p><font size="3"><b>Limitations of EIA</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>EIA is also a way of ensuring that environmental factors are
+considered in decision-making process along with the traditional
+economic and technical factors. Importantly EIA requires the scientific
+(technical) and value issues to be dealt with in a single assessment
+process. This helps in the proper consideration of all advantages and
+disadvantages of a proposal. Environmental considerations may,
+therefore, be set aside in favour of what are felt to be more important
+considerations. Alternatively, predicted adverse effects on the
+environment might lead to strict conditions being imposed to avoid these
+ effects or remedy any adverse effects, or perhaps lead to the complete
+abandonment of a proposal.
+</p>
+<p>However, it is most important to recognise that EIA cannot be
+regarded as a means of introducing an environmental “veto” power into
+administrative decision-making processes. Decisions that are
+unsatisfactory from an environmental point of view can still be made,
+but with full knowledge of the environmental consequences. The final
+decision about a proposal depends upon the likely severity of the
+adverse effects, balanced against other expected benefits.
+</p>
+<p>In other words, EIA is an administrative process that identifies the
+potential environmental effects of undertaking a proposal, and presents
+these environmental effects alongside the other advantages and
+disadvantages of the proposal to the decision-makers. In the vast
+majority of EIA procedures this means that the outcome of the EIA
+process provides advice to the decision-makers – it does not provide a
+ final decision. So, by itself, the EIA procedures cannot be expected to
+ stop a proposal – although this is an outcome that some members of
+the general community and environment groups may expect.
+</p>
+<p>In summary then:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>only a very small fraction of proposals are halted, permanently or
+temporarily, as a direct result of EIA at the end of the review process;
+ </li>
+<li>preemption or early withdrawal of unsound proposals has been reported though it has proved difficult to document;
+ </li>
+<li>EIA has been useful in developing support for and confirmation of positive environmentally sound proposals;
+ </li>
+<li>the greening or environmental improvement of proposed activities is frequently seen; and
+ </li>
+<li>particular indirect effects of EIA are both instrumental (such as
+where policy or institutional adjustments are made as a result of EIA
+experience) and educational where participation in the EIA process leads
+ to positive changes in environmental attitudes and behavior.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<p>With regard to the last point there is considerable advantage to the
+general community where those people involved with the proposal, as well
+ as decision-makers, are required to think about the environmental
+effects (and thence avoid negative effects), and the public can be made
+aware of the details of the proposal.
+</p>
+<p>The limited power of EIA may seem to greatly reduce its value.
+However, as you have seen there are many benefits that come from using
+EIA.
+</p>
+<p><font size="3"><b>Practical Examples and Case Studies</b></font>
+</p>
+<p>On the EIA wiki that accompanies this course module there are a large number of <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/wiki/index.php/Case_Studies">case studies</a> exploring EIA in practice. It is recommended that where possible you review these case studies and where possible add to them. </p>
+<p>Another very interesting resource is the online video documentary produced by Prof. Sharon Beder dealing with the EIA for the <a href="http://www.herinst.org/envcrisis/tunnel/contents.html" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/article/www.herinst.org');">Sydney Harbour Tunnel</a> in Australia.
+</p>
+<p> </p>
+ </div>
+ <div class="storycontent">
+ </div>
+ <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — brendan @ 11:43 am </div>
+ <div class="feedback">
+ <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93#comments" title="Comment on 1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">Comments (27)</a> </div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h2 id="comments">27 Comments
+ <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a>
+</h2>
+
+<ol id="commentlist">
+
+ <li id="comment-624">
+ <p>This material is so helpful. Keep up the good work</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by hilda mensah — May 25, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-624">5:34 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-3738">
+ <p>Your website is great! It provides us easy access to up-to-date and
+useful information on practically all topics in environment and gender.
+Thank you so much.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://cssac/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/CSSAC');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Cely Salazar Binoya, Ph.D0.</a> — February 1, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-3738">7:51 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-3739">
+ <p>The EIA material is very helpful. Thanks a lot</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://cssac/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/CSSAC');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Cely Salazar Binoya, Ph.D.</a> — February 1, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-3739">7:54 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-6684">
+ <p>its a very very nice web site ita realy help me now to solve any
+problem in my assignment i m very thanksfull to the publishers of this
+site and god bless u</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by ahsan hu university — May 17, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-6684">2:54 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-9767">
+ <p>I have been looking for information on EIA practice and was glad to
+have eventually come across such a great site. Thank you so much, you
+made my day</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Lineekela — July 17, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-9767">8:02 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-11868">
+ <p>This doc will help me a lot in doing EIA here in the Philippines. I will share this with my students</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Carmie Liwag — August 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-11868">8:51 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-23908">
+ <p>Very clear and cohesive, thank you!</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Jesse — November 6, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-23908">5:55 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-24458">
+ <p>This the first time I have opened this website but have found it to
+be user friendly, detailed in substance, I have decided to term it a
+goldmine to the student, practitioner, lecturer and anybody who would
+like to enrich their knowledge about EIA.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Magghangwe Alfred — November 12, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-24458">5:21 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-30472">
+ <p>Thank you alot for the lecture notes on EIA.It is helpfull to me.<br>
+May our ALMIGHTY GOD BLESS YOU.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by engera mambore — April 1, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-30472">12:28 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-31259">
+ <p>Thank you!!! v. useful for my uni coursework, had all the info needed! like no other website i could find!<br>
+Thank you again!!</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Roxy — April 20, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-31259">2:45 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-32554">
+ <p>The information on this site was very useful to me.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Alandia — June 28, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32554">4:59 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-32739">
+ <p>this is first after working 6 years in EIa i knew all about tha eia through this thanks</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by G. Ponnusamy — July 21, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-32739">1:59 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-41410">
+ <p>good notes with world wide understandable english</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.yahoo.com/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.yahoo.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Magdalena Raymond</a> — June 4, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-41410">12:24 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-45676">
+ <p>can you please elaborate the key environmental parameters that are assessed when determining a suitable site for a clinic?</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by sephule — October 7, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45676">4:38 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-45994">
+ <p>these are very good notes they give a very clear understanding of
+the purpose as well as the aims of environmental impact assessment</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://webmail/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/webmail');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Y NOPOTSO</a> — October 22, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45994">11:46 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-50249">
+ <p>at first i couldnt believe but after reviewing some notes i realize
+that this could be help full from the bigginers to the higher level
+student, researcher, practitioner, lecturer, proffesors and interested
+stakeholders!</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Mathayo BARIKIEL — March 5, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-50249">7:42 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-52098">
+ <p>Thank you so very much on this, most superb, presentation.</p>
+<p>I am using this to supplement my studies in EIA. It is really helpful.</p>
+<p>Cheers.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Predrag — April 22, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52098">5:57 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-52713">
+ <p>EIA should always be an integral part of every scientific study as we try to cope up with recurrent global climatic changes.<br>
+I’ve found the study extra beneficial</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://mozillafirefox/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/mozillafirefox');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">hobic</a> — May 8, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52713">5:57 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-52714">
+ <p>found it interesting. EIA should be an integral topic of every scientific study</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://mozillafirefox/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/mozillafirefox');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">hobic</a> — May 8, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-52714">5:59 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-58051">
+ <p>EIA can be used by in rural areas if yes how? since im care iwould
+like to know about the application if EIAs to the development. can
+community assess the proposed development on their own? thanks for this
+opportunity i will always getting involve.</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by jali mh — September 13, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-58051">5:57 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-59588">
+ <p>This material is very helpfull. I was about to go write my exam on
+Environmental Management course and had a quick glance at your website
+and it really helped me alot. Thanks</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Shoes — November 11, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-59588">7:39 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-60026">
+ <p>This material is very brief and concise, I really love it . Keep it up</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Michael Acquah — December 1, 2011 @ <a href="#comment-60026">5:45 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-61548">
+ <p>the material is so interesting that every one can get useful information regarding to EIA. </p>
+<p> THANK U!!!!!!!!!!</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by minuye hailu — February 6, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61548">7:22 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-61875">
+ <p>Thank you very much, i have got all the info needed for my assignment.<br>
+Its the best web site in internet</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by chaitanya madhunapantula — February 21, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-61875">3:30 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-63519">
+ <p>improving decision on environment there should be an inforcement on EIA</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://nil/" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/nil');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">meshack osiah</a> — May 3, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-63519">12:50 am</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-96819">
+ <p>Thanks for your information on EIA , i would like to request sample
+reports on all EIA procedures specifically starting with Project
+registration report/document, Project Brief report, Scooping Report, EIA
+ final report and Non-Executive summary report on either Road project or
+ mining project.It will be very helpful to me once you send.</p>
+<p>Thanks for your time and consideration.<br>
+Meshack Osiah</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by Meshack Osiah — November 10, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-96819">6:12 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li id="comment-106207">
+ <p>I have been looking for information on EIA practice and was glad to
+have eventually come across such a great site. Thank you so much,</p>
+ <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://www.squidoo.com/all-about-writing-essay" onclick="javascript:pageTracker._trackPageview('/outbound/commentauthor/www.squidoo.com');" rel="external nofollow" class="url">definition essay topics</a> — January 7, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-106207">2:33 pm</a></cite> </p>
+ </li>
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