finish section 1

1 files changed, 39 insertions, 51 deletions

diff --git a/assignment2/potential-effects.tex b/assignment2/potential-effects.tex
index 22a8ab2..bfffb68 100644
--- a/assignment2/potential-effects.tex
+++ b/assignment2/potential-effects.tex
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 % 830 words
+% actual: 1200+ words
 
 \section{Proposed activities and their potential effects}
 
@@ -77,13 +78,12 @@ sediments in the river affects water clarity, thereby reducing
 penetration with sunlight which is needed by aquatic plants and algae
 to grow. Increased turbidity may also make it difficult for fish to
 find food or detect predators \parencite{niwa-sediment}. As the
-sediment load of a river increases, its flow characteristics
-change\footnote{The cascading effects of changes to flow parameters
-are addressed in later sections.} and invertebrate habitat may be
-destroyed by smothering animals, plants and the
-river-bed. Sedimentation is less of a problem when the construction
-site and the transport routes are chosen to be not in the immediate
-vicinity of the river or other bodies of water.
+sediment load of a river increases, its flow characteristics change
+making the conditions less favourable for certain aquatic species and
+invertebrate habitat may be destroyed by smothering animals, plants
+and the river-bed. Sedimentation is less of a problem when the
+construction site and the transport routes are chosen to be not in the
+immediate vicinity of the river or other bodies of water.
 
 \subsection{Effects during operation}
 
@@ -119,7 +119,19 @@ wastewater carrying organic components (such as proteins, lactose and
 fat) and inorganic components (e.g. nutrients). Wastewater includes
 both water that has been removed from the milk and abstracted water
 that has been used to sanitise equipment, clean the factory, or for
-heating and cooling.
+heating and cooling.  When organic components in dairy factory
+effluent reach rivers they are converted to carbon dioxide and water
+by bacteria under use of oxygen.  Whether the inflow of organic
+components leads to oxygen depletion with fatal consequences for fish
+and other members of aquatic communities depends on the re-aeriation
+characteristics of the river \parencite{chemical}. Farming practices
+also influence the contents of the factory's wastewater. Residual
+antibiotics given to cattle and remains of pesticides that were
+applied to the feed crops tend to accumulate in the milk and end up in
+the wastewater after processing; upon discharge these trace amounts
+enter the food web. Contamination of the river water may make the
+water unfit for recreational use, even kilometres away from the
+discharge site.
 
 According to \textcite{vanasselt}, milk is repeatedly heated and
 cooled during its way through the factory. UHT (ulta-high temperature)
@@ -132,49 +144,25 @@ discharges are usually required not to alter the natural temperature
 of the sink waterway by more than one to two
 degrees \parencite{chemical}. 
 
-When organic components in dairy factory effluent reach rivers they
-are converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacteria under use of
-oxygen.  Whether the inflow of organic components leads to oxygen
-depletion with fatal consequences for fish and other members of
-aquatic communities depends on the re-aeriation characteristics of the
-river \parencite{chemical}. 
 
 \subsection{Other activites and socio-economic effects}
 
-% TODO
-- workers during construction
-- more jobs during operation
-- positive impact on economy (higher exports, more competition?)
-- higher stress on social services for workers in the region
-- loss of vegetation + discharge of wastewater: less beautiful
-- transportation of milk and products, use of fossil fuels, noise
-- increase in solid waste production from packaging
-
-- other contaminants in the milk: antibiotics, pesticides used on the
-  feed: WHO: direct evidence that antibiotics use results in resistent
-  salmonella in humans (p. 5 of ecofootprint-dairy)
-
-
-% Dairy farming has recently expanded in the Waiwhetu region, providing
-% a boost to the local economy. To cope with the increased milk
-% production, a dairy company is proposing to set up a new factory. The
-% factory will be located close to the Waiwhetu River, the region’s main
-% waterway. To operate the new factory, the proponents want to take
-% water from the river and discharge wastewater from the plant back into
-% the waterway.
-% 
-% There is already a dairy factory in the area producing milk products.
-% The factory has existing discharge permits which are not up for review
-% for another 10 years. At present, it uses 10,000 cubic metres of water
-% from the river and discharges the same amount into the waterway. The
-% wastewater is two degrees celsius warmer than the temperature of the
-% river.
-% 
-% Many prominent people are welcoming the growth of dairying in the
-% region and believe the new factory will bring more jobs to the area.
-% However, others are concerned about the potential environmental
-% impacts of the development. Environment groups and iwi argue water
-% quality is already being affected by waste generated from local farms
-% and want to see the river cleaned up.
-% 
-% Note: Waiwhetu is a fictitious region
\ No newline at end of file
+Related activities such as the transport of raw materials from farms
+to the factory and the transport of finished products to local stores
+and export sites bring about a chain of higher-order effects, such as
+an increase in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in noise
+levels. Regular transportation with heavy vehicles puts additional
+stress on roads, requiring more maintenance work. A greater demand in
+social services for workers who move to the area to work at the
+factory may also stress the community's budget.  All of the above
+effects could lead to a reduction of life quality for residents in
+this area.
+
+The inventory of impacts does not end here, however. The potentially
+benefitial effects of the proposed project also have to be considered
+and---if possible--quantified.  The establishment of a dairy factory
+close to dairy farms provides a boost to the local and national
+economy and creates numerous job opportunities---temporary jobs for
+construction workers as well as stable employment for engineers,
+maintenance personell, factory workers, managers, and in the
+transportation sector.
\ No newline at end of file