copy mitigation measures from NIWA to work through

1 files changed, 36 insertions, 17 deletions

diff --git a/assignment2/mitigation.tex b/assignment2/mitigation.tex
index 5537608..747b309 100644
--- a/assignment2/mitigation.tex
+++ b/assignment2/mitigation.tex
@@ -20,35 +20,23 @@ rather than externalising the costs to affected communities or the
 general public \parencite{rmit}.
 
 
-
-reading 3.5
-- mitigation is not only reducing impacts but also:
-  - avoidance
-  - preservation (prevent future actions through legislation)
-  - minimisation (most common; technical approach)
-  - rehabilitation / restoration (problem: if a project approval is
-    coupled to clean-up works, it's a bit unfair)
-
-
 \subsection{Measures to address potential impacts of the proposed project}
 
 from NIWA:
 %http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/kaitiaki_tools/land-use/meat-processing/impacts/chemical-contaminates-and-meat-and-dairy-processing/mitigation
 
   - Minimise the use of water in any existing plant.
+  - Reduce the use of chemicals or use less harmful ones.
+  - Design or select new plant to use less water.
+
+
   - Reuse water where possible without treating it first.
   - Treat wastewater to allow its reuse.
   - Optimise the use of reused water.
-  - Reduce the use of chemicals or use less harmful ones.
+% treat wastewater before discharge -- ensure that the impact of residual contaminants is sufficiently low
   - Recycle chemicals.
   - Recover and reuse spilled raw materials and products.
   - Process by-products into higher value products instead of waste.
-  - Design or select new plant to use less water.
-
-NZ water problems \parencite{cullen}:
-- set national priorities for water
-- assist regional councils in completing plans
-
 
 An alternative to discharging wastewater in rivers is the application
 to soils, such as pasture or farm land, thereby recycling nutrients.
@@ -57,3 +45,34 @@ nutrients can be lost to groundwater or be washed into open water
 bodies where they accelerate the process of
 eutrophication \parencite{chemical}. Hence, this attempt at
 minimisation will itself be in need of an impact assessment.
+
+
+
+construction:
+
+% http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/kaitiaki_tools/impacts/sediment/mitigation
+  Create and maintain a vegetated riparian buffer that can greatly reduce the damaging effects of sediment.
+  Create a buffer zone of long grass from 5 to 10 m width to filter overland flow of sediments to waterways.
+  During earthworks activities incorporate devices such as riparian buffers, mesh fences, sediment retention ponds, sediment traps, or hay bales in drainage runoff zones to reduce sediment pollution.
+  
+water take:
+% http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/kaitiaki_tools/land-use/water-take,-dam,-divert2/water-take/mitigation
+  
+
+% When there is very high demand to take water from a particular waterway the following options should be considered:
+% 
+%     Identify minimum flows that can be sustained by a waterway.
+%     Calculate the maximum amount of water that can be taken from a waterway based on minimum flows.
+%     Allocate only a proportion of this amount to account for and ensure against overallocation.
+%     Review and adjust allocations when needed.
+% 
+% The following need to be considered as minimum requirements to maintain natural water flows:
+% 
+%     Regulate minimum and maximum flow levels in waterways so that there is sufficient habitat for fish and invertebrate life.
+%     Prevent temperatures from reaching lethal or extreme levels due to low flow or water levels.
+%     Facilitate up and downstream passage for fish migration where these may be blocked at the water intake - using ramps, ladders and spillways.
+%     Divert fish away from intake screens and outlet pipes.
+% 
+% Riparian vegetation - maintaining fish habitat
+% 
+%     Maintain, restore, and enhance riparian vegetation and wetland areas, which serve as spawning grounds and shoaling habitats for mahinga kai. Wetland areas and native planting also create refuge areas, lower water temperatures, and provide a food source of invertebrates for mahinga kai species.