diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'assignment2/potential-effects.tex')
| -rw-r--r-- | assignment2/potential-effects.tex | 88 |
1 files changed, 49 insertions, 39 deletions
diff --git a/assignment2/potential-effects.tex b/assignment2/potential-effects.tex index 9b6edc0..d538ff7 100644 --- a/assignment2/potential-effects.tex +++ b/assignment2/potential-effects.tex @@ -11,40 +11,29 @@ shall be addressed as they dominate the life cycle effects. This includes the following activities: \begin{enumerate} -\item clearing of the construction site (displacement of existing uses) -\item construction work -\item water allocation +\item site preparation and construction work +\item water allocation and abstraction \item treatment of solid and liquid wastes \item waste water discharge \item packaging of produced good \item transport of raw materials and goods \end{enumerate} -As the different activities at different stages may result in similar +The different activities at different stages may result in similar effects on a given component of the socio-economic or physical -environment, it is more convenient to investigate the effects -separately for each component of the environment than to list the -effects by planned activities. The following components of the -physical environment \parencite[adapted from][]{glasson} are to be -considered: +environment, and many impacts can cause a cascade of other effects of +varying significance. All project activities are to be evaluated +against selected components of the environment, including -\begin{enumerate} -\item Air and atmosphere -\item Water and soil -\item Vegetation and habitat -\item Human health -\item Landscape and cultural heritage -\item Energy -\end{enumerate} - -Effects on the following components of the socio-economic environment -also need to be identified: - -\begin{enumerate} -\item economic base -\item demography -\item socio-cutural -\end{enumerate} +\begin{inparaenum} +\item air and atmosphere; +\item water and soil; +\item vegetation and habitat; +\item human health; +\item amenity values and cultural heritage; +\item economic base; and +\item demography. +\end{inparaenum} \subsection{Expected effects on water} @@ -87,26 +76,47 @@ find food or detect predators \parencite{niwa-sediment}. As the sediment load of a river increases, its flow characteristics change\footnote{The cascading effects of changes to flow parameters are addressed in later sections.} and invertebrate habitat may be -destroyed. - - -Sedimentation is less of a problem when the construction site and the -transport routes are chosen to be not in the immediate vicinity of the -river or other bodies of water. - - +destroyed by smothering animals, plants and the +river-bed. Sedimentation is less of a problem when the construction +site and the transport routes are chosen to be not in the immediate +vicinity of the river or other bodies of water. \subsubsection{Water allocation} - - Changes in water quality parameters - for example, turbidity and - temperature levels can increase with reduced flows in rivers. +During operation of the diary factory water is abstracted from the +nearby river to sustain the production activities. The amount of water +that is used by a dairy factory depends on a variety on parameters, +including the range of products that the factory produces and the +operations that are involved in production; in New Zealand about 2.2 +litres of water are used for every litre of milk that is being +processed \parencite[Fonterra data, cited +in][]{vanasselt}\footnote{When dairy farming is included in the +calculations, one litre of milk requires almost 1,000 litres of water +on average.}. According to \textcite{vanasselt}, dairy processing +plants use water mainly for cleaning and sanitising operations, as +well as heating and cooling. + +The \textcite[][p. 110]{growing} summarises the potential impacts of +water take as follows: + +\begin{quote} + The environmental effects of water allocation are twofold – the + effects of the reduction of water in the water bodies and the + effects the use of that water may have on water quality. + Abstraction of water from surface water or groundwater, will have an + impact on the ecosystems reliant on that water, for example, by + reducing the flow of a river, or increasing the temperature of the + water. Thus a reduced flow may mean that the river is no longer a + suitable habitat or breeding ground for a type of fish. +\end{quote} + +% TODO: more? - - Reduction in habitat - a decrease in water levels reduces habitat - for fish and can impact feeding and spawning success. +\subsubsection{Discharge of waste water} -\subsubsection{Discharge of waste water} +% TODO: CONTINUE HERE! The major waste material from processing milk in a dairy factory is contaminated water that has been removed from the milk or that has |