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Background" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25"> +<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4"> + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/urchin.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> +<script type="text/javascript"> + _uacct = "UA-254067-1"; +urchinTracker(); +</script> +</head> +<body> + + +<!-- this is by kouji . system header start ----------- --------------------------------------------> + +<div id="main"> +<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div> +<!-- end header --> + +<!-- begin sidebar --> + <div id="nav"> +<ul id="navul"> + <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-145"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-97 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li> + +</ul> + <script type="text/javascript"> + <!-- // + UNU.prepareNavigation(); + //--> + </script> +<form method="get" id="searchform" action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/"> +<div> +<input name="s" id="s" type="text"><input id="searchbtn" value="Search" type="submit"> +</div> +</form> + + </div> +<!-- end sidebar --> + + + +<div id="content"> + +<div id="padding"> + + + +<div class="post" id="post-97"> + <h1 class="storytitle">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" rel="bookmark"></a></h1> + <div class="storycontent"> + <p>Numerous reports on the state of the world indicate the +environmental problems facing society. The Global Environmental Outlook +(GEO) prepared by UNEP provides an authoritative statement of the major +issues and their regional variations. In the GEO-2000 report, UNEP +advises that ‘full scale emergencies now exist on a number of +issues’, including water scarcity, land degradation, tropical forest +clearance, species loss and climate warming. Some of these issues, such +as climate warming and biodiversity loss, are global or so pervasive +that they affect all countries. Other environmental problems are +concentrated regionally and thus affect only certain countries or are +more serious for some than others. +</p> +<p>The major environmental challenges facing different parts of the +world are listed in the table below. This sample is a starting point for + discussion by participants to verify and identify regional and local +examples that are of most relevance to their country, taking account of +both current issues and future trends. For example, many small island +states and delta regions of larger countries are vulnerable to natural +hazards and threatened by sea level rise due to climate warming. Other +countries are likely to experience increases in water scarcity and +associated environmental stresses as a result of climate change. +</p> +<table> +<caption><b>Major environmental issues in developing regions </b></caption> +<thead> +<tr><th style="width: 20%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Developing Countries</b> + </th> +<th style="width: 80%; background-color: rgb(143, 156, 184);"><b>Major Environmental Issues</b> + </th> +</tr></thead> +<tfoot> +<tr><td colspan="2"><i>Sources: UNEP, 1999; World Bank, 2000. </i> + </td> +</tr></tfoot> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Africa + </td> +<td>The continent has the world’s poorest and most resource dependent +population. It also carries the highest health burden due to severe +environmental problems. These include desertification and soil +degradation, declining food security, and increasing water scarcity and +stress in north, east and southern Africa. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Asia and the Pacific + </td> +<td>The region has high population densities in Southern and South East +Asia. Rapid economic growth, urbanisation and industrialisation have +helped in poverty alleviation but also increased pressure on land and +water resources, widespread environmental degradation and high pollution + levels. Mega- cities are a particular focus of environmental and health + concerns. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Eastern Europe and Central Asia + </td> +<td>Despite progress with economic restructuring and environmental clean + up, there is a legacy of industrial pollution and contaminated land. In + many areas, emissions of particulates, SO2, lead, heavy metals and +toxic chemicals continue to expose the residents to health risks, and, +in the Balkans, war and regional conflict have exacted a heavy +environmental and social toll. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Latin America and the Caribbean + </td> +<td>Approximately three-quarters of the population live in urban areas. +Many cities are poor, overcrowded, polluted and lack basic +infrastructure. The major green issue is the destruction of tropical +forests and consequent loss of biodiversity, which is especially serious + in the Amazon basin. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Middle East + </td> +<td>Most land is either subject to desertification or vulnerable to +deterioration from saline, alkaline and/or nutrient deposition. Water +resources are under severe pressure and groundwater sources are in a +critical condition. Rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation has caused +worsening air and water pollution in urban centres. + </td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p>Another way of subdividing environmental issues is to group them +under ‘green’ and ‘brown’ agendas. The green agenda focuses on +natural resource management and environmental protection issues, such as + rural land and water use, forestry and fisheries and habitat and +species conservation. The brown agenda is concerned with issues of +industrial pollution, waste management and urban development. +</p> +<p>When undertaking EIA, a comprehensive view should be taken of the +linkages and interactions among the issues under review. Also, the EIA +should identify both the benefits and costs of development. In practice, + EIA often focuses on the adverse environmental impacts of proposed +actions. This is done by reference to certain key characteristics, which + establish the potentially significant effects (see the table below). +</p> +<p>The impacts of a development proposal examined in EIA can be direct, +such as the effect of toxic discharge on air and water quality, or +indirect, such as the effect on human health from exposure to +particulates or contaminants, which have built up in food chains. Other +environmental and social impacts are induced, for example by a new road +opening up an undeveloped area to subsequent settlement or by +involuntary resettlement of people displaced by the construction of a +large reservoir. Certain adverse impacts may appear relatively +insignificant when considered in the context of an individual action or +proposal but have a cumulative effect on the environment when added to +all other actions and proposals; for example, deforestation resulting +from plot by plot clearance for subsistence agriculture. A fuller +discussion of environmental impacts and their analysis can be found in +Section 6 – Impact analysis. +</p> +<table> +<caption><b>Typology of environmental impacts</b></caption> +<thead> +<tr><th style="width: 50%; background-color: rgb(184, 193, 212);"><b>Category of Impacts</b> + </th> +<th style="width: 50%; background-color: rgb(143, 156, 184);"><b>Types of Impacts</b> + </th> +</tr></thead> +<tfoot> +<tr><td colspan="2"><i></i><br> + + </td> +</tr></tfoot> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>type + </td> +<td>biophysical, social, health or economic + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>nature + </td> +<td>direct or indirect, cumulative, etc. + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>magnitude or severity + </td> +<td>high, moderate, low + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>extent + </td> +<td>local, regional, transboundary or global + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>timing + </td> +<td>immediate/long term + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>duration + </td> +<td>temporary/permanent + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>uncertainty + </td> +<td>low likelihood/high probability + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>reversibility + </td> +<td>reversible/irreversible + </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>significance* + </td> +<td>unimportant/important + </td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +<p><i>*Impact significance is not necessarily related to the impact +magnitude. Sometimes very small impacts, such as the disturbance of the +nest of a pair of endangered birds, may be significant. When determining + the significance of the potential impacts of a proposal, all of the +above factors should be taken into consideration.</i> +</p> +<p><i></i> More detail on impact assessment is contained in Section 6. +</p> +<p>In many early examples of EIA practice, only the biophysical impacts +of proposals were considered (such as effects on air and water quality, +flora and fauna, noise levels, climate and hydrological systems). +Increasingly EIA processes are used to analyse a range of impact types +within a single framework. These include social, health, and economic +aspects. +</p> +<p>However this trend toward integrated assessment for decision-making +is by no means universal or uniform. Even in EIA systems where this +trend is well established, the degree and extent of integration varies +with legal requirements and accepted practice. In some countries, social + impacts are not assessed or are given only limited consideration. In +other countries, EIAs are supplemented by related, but separate studies +of social and health impacts. +</p> +<p>Despite a lack of internationally consistent practice, integrated +impact assessment, linking biophysical and socio-economic effects, is +identified as an important priority in Agenda 21. As a widely adopted +process that already covers other impacts, EIA is recognised as one of +the best available mechanisms for implementing an integrated approach. +In practice, achieving this approach will require greater attention to +be given to the identification of social, health and other impacts in +the EIA process. This aspect is addressed further in Section 6 – +Impact analysis. +</p> +<p></p> + </div> + <div class="storycontent"> + </div> + <div class="meta">July 26, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — @ 11:56 am </div> + <div class="feedback"> + <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97#comments" title="Comment on 1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">Comments (5)</a> </div> + +</div> + + +<h2 id="comments">5 Comments + <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a> +</h2> + +<ol id="commentlist"> + + <li id="comment-28003"> + <p>May i please ask for the author of this article as i would like to reference some material. Thank you for the information given.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Kelvin</a> — January 9, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-28003">3:45 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-28191"> + <p>Dear Kelvin,</p> +<p>The authors are United Nations University, RMIT University, and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).</p> +<p>Please just provide the link to this page in your reference, with a note on the date that you visited the site.</p> +<p>Brendan Barrett<br> +United Nations University</p> + <p><cite>Comment by brendan — January 15, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-28191">9:31 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-31773"> + <p>Can I ask about your courses, please? I am currently just finishing + my BA at Sunshine Coast Uni, with dual majors of Communication and +Sustainability, and Environmental Planning minor. I am most interested +in Social Impact Assessment as a post grad qualificiation. Many thanks, + Georgie Bull</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Georgie Bull — May 1, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-31773">1:07 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-31864"> + <p>This is an open educational resource used to support teaching and +self learning. At present, it is being used in courses offered by Oxford + Brookes University (UK), McGill University (Canada) and Agder +University (Norway). At least, those are the ones I know about and there + could be more. You would need to contact them directly for more +information.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by brendan — May 6, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-31864">1:14 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-40690"> + <p>Thanks for the good work. You are blessed</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Inyambe Wogar — April 29, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-40690">10:35 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + +</ol> + + +<p><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=97"><abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr> feed for comments on this post.</a> +</p> + +<h2 id="postcomment">Leave a comment</h2> + + +<form action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform"> + + +<p><input name="author" id="author" size="22" tabindex="1" type="text"> +<label for="author"><small>Name (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="email" id="email" size="22" tabindex="2" type="text"> +<label for="email"><small>Mail (will not be published) (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="url" id="url" size="22" tabindex="3" type="text"> +<label for="url"><small>Website</small></label></p> + + +<!--<p><small><strong>XHTML:</strong> You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong> </small></p>--> + +<p><textarea name="comment" id="comment" cols="100%" rows="10" tabindex="4"></textarea></p> + +<p> +<input name="comment_post_ID" value="97" type="hidden"> +</p> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var RecaptchaOptions = { theme : 'white', tabindex : 5 }; + </script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/challenge"></script> + + <noscript class="noscript-show"><span> + <iframe src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/noscript.html" frameborder="0" height="300" width="500"></iframe><br> + <textarea name="recaptcha_challenge_field" rows="3" cols="40"></textarea> + <input name="recaptcha_response_field" value="manual_challenge" type="hidden"> + </span></noscript> <div id="recaptcha-submit-btn-area"><input name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="6" class="button" value="Submit Comment" type="submit"></div> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var sub = document.getElementById('submit'); + sub.parentNode.removeChild(sub); + document.getElementById('recaptcha-submit-btn-area').appendChild (sub); + document.getElementById('submit').tabIndex = 6; + if ( typeof _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment != 'undefined') { + document.getElementById('comment').value = _recaptcha_wordpress_savedcomment; + } + </script> + <noscript> + <style type='text/css'>#submit {display:none;}</style> + <input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit-alt" tabindex="6" value="Submit Comment"/> + </noscript> +</form> + + + + +</div> +<!-- footer --> + <div id="footer"> + <ul> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/about.html">About</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/download.html">Download</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/disclaimer.html">Disclaimer</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/copyright.html">Copyright</a></li> + <li><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/contact.html">Contact</a></li> + </ul> + + <div id="university"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/unu_logo_white.gif" alt="United Nations University" height="50" width="109"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/footer_link2.gif" alt="UNEP" height="50" width="40"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/Gvu-logo.gif" alt="GVU" height="50" width="141"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/RMIT.gif" alt="RMIT" height="50" width="106"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/USP.gif" alt="USP" height="50" width="137"></div> + </div> + + + </div> + </div> + + + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-3%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20environmental%20issues%20and%20impacts_files/e-201312.js" type="text/javascript"></script> +<script type="text/javascript"> +st_go({blog:'3787197',v:'ext',post:'97'}); +var load_cmc = function(){linktracker_init(3787197,97,2);}; +if ( typeof addLoadEvent != 'undefined' ) addLoadEvent(load_cmc); +else load_cmc(); +</script> + + +</body></html>
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