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diff --git a/assignment1/materials/Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-1 Background.html b/assignment1/materials/Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-1 Background.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9edb82e --- /dev/null +++ b/assignment1/materials/Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-1 Background.html @@ -0,0 +1,690 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"><head profile="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> + <title>Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-1 Background</title> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4"> <!-- leave this for stats please --> + + <style type="text/css" media="screen"> + @import url( http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-content/themes/EIA/style.css ); + </style> + + <script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/prototype.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/moo.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/unu.js"></script> + <script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/swfobject.js"></script> + + <script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/prototype_002.js" type="text/javascript"></script> + <script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/scriptaculous.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/builder.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/effects.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/dragdrop.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/controls.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/slider.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/sound.js"></script> + + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS 2.0" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2"> + <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="RSS .92" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss"> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom 0.3" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=atom"> + + <link rel="pingback" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/xmlrpc.php"> + <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module » 1-1 Background Comments Feed" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=145"> +<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/xmlrpc.php?rsd"> +<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml"> +<link rel="index" title="Environmental Impact Assessment Course Module" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course"> +<link rel="up" title="1. Background" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25"> +<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 2.8.4"> + +<script src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/urchin.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> +<script type="text/javascript"> + _uacct = "UA-254067-1"; +urchinTracker(); +</script> +</head> +<body> + + +<!-- this is by kouji . system header start ----------- --------------------------------------------> + +<div id="main"> +<div id="header"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173"><img src="Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Course%20Module%20%C2%BB%201-1%20Background_files/logo.jpg" alt="Environmental Impact Assessment - Course Module" height="104" width="957"></a></div> +<!-- end header --> + +<!-- begin sidebar --> + <div id="nav"> +<ul id="navul"> + <li class="page_item page-item-148"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=148" title="Welcome">Welcome</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-173"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=173" title="Course Introduction">Course Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-174"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=174" title="Help us to be sustainable">Help us to be sustainable</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-25 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=25" title="1. Background">1. Background</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 310px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-145 current_page_item"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" title="1-1 Background">1-1 Background</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-93"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=93" title="1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA">1-2 Purpose and aims of EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-149"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=149" title="Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA">Activity 1A – Introduction to EIA</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-97"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=97" title="1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts">1-3 Nature and Scope of environmental issues and impacts</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-100"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=100" title="1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice">1-4 Principles of EIA administration and practice</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-101"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=101" title="1-5 Key elements of the EIA process">1-5 Key elements of the EIA process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-150"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=150" title="Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice">Activity 1B – Introduction to EIA Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-102"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=102" title="1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA">1-6 Costs and benefits of EIA</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-175"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=175" title="1-7 Summary">1-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-28"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=28" title="2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements">2. Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-146"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=146" title="2-1 Introduction">2-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-109"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=109" title="2-2 About EIA Systems">2-2 About EIA Systems</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-110"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=110" title="2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation">2-3 EIA Policy and Legislation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-151"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=151" title="Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation">Activity 2A – EIA Systems, Policy and Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-111"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=111" title="2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations">2-4 EIA Requirements of International Organisations</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-112"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=112" title="2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System">2-5 Principles for a Functional EIA System</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-154"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=154" title="Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.">Assignment 1 – Legal Requirements for EIA.</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-152"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=152" title="Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation">Activity 2B – Localisation of EIA Legislation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-87"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=87" title="2-6 Summary">2-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-29"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=29" title="3. Public involvement">3. Public involvement</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-179"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=179" title="3-1 Introduction">3-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-129"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=129" title="3-2 What is public involvement?">3-2 What is public involvement?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-130"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=130" title="3-3 Stakeholders involved">3-3 Stakeholders involved</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-131"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=131" title="3-4 Principles of public involvement">3-4 Principles of public involvement</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-153"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=153" title="Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles">Activity 3A – Public Involvement Principles</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-132"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=132" title="3-5 Scope of involvement">3-5 Scope of involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-133"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=133" title="3-6 Planning a public involvement programme">3-6 Planning a public involvement programme</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-134"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=134" title="3-7 Public involvement techniques">3-7 Public involvement techniques</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-155"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=155" title="Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice">Activity 3B – Public Involvement Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-135"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=135" title="3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement">3-8 Arguments for and against public involvement</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-180"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=180" title="3-9 Summary">3-9 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-30"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=30" title="4. Screening">4. Screening</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-181"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=181" title="4-1 Introduction">4-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-136"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=136" title="4-2 Screening procedure">4-2 Screening procedure</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-137"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=137" title="4-3 Project lists for screening">4-3 Project lists for screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-138"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=138" title="4-4 Preliminary EIA">4-4 Preliminary EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-156"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=156" title="Activity 4A – Screening Basics">Activity 4A – Screening Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-139"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=139" title="4-5 Other types of Screening">4-5 Other types of Screening</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-86"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=86" title="4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA">4-6 Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-157"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=157" title="Activity 4A – Screening Exercise">Activity 4A – Screening Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-182"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=182" title="4-7 Summary">4-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-31"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=31" title="5. Scoping">5. Scoping</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-185"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=185" title="5-1 Introduction">5-1 Introduction</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-140"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=140" title="5-2 Purpose of scoping">5-2 Purpose of scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-141"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=141" title="5-3 Approaches to scoping">5-3 Approaches to scoping</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-142"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=142" title="5-4 Scoping methods">5-4 Scoping methods</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-158"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=158" title="Activity 5A – Scoping Basics">Activity 5A – Scoping Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-143"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=143" title="5-5 Alternatives and tiering">5-5 Alternatives and tiering</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-159"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=159" title="Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice">Activity 5B – Scoping in Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-144"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=144" title="5-6 EIA Terms of Reference">5-6 EIA Terms of Reference</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-160"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=160" title="Assignment 2 – Scoping Study">Assignment 2 – Scoping Study</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-184"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=184" title="5-7 Summary">5-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-32"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=32" title="6. Impact analysis">6. Impact analysis</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-121"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=121" title="6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda">6-1 Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-122"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=122" title="6-2 Impact Identification">6-2 Impact Identification</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-123"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=123" title="6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction">6-3 Impact Analysis/Prediction</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-191"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=191" title="Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics">Activity 6A – Impact Analysis Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-186"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=186" title="6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts">6-4 Characteristics of environmental impacts</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-192"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=192" title="Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation">Activity 6B – Impact Characterisation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-124"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=124" title="6-5 Social Impact Assessment">6-5 Social Impact Assessment</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-125"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=125" title="6-6 Evaluation of impact significance">6-6 Evaluation of impact significance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-126"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=126" title="6-7 Significance Criteria">6-7 Significance Criteria</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-161"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=161" title="Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment">Activity 6C – Impact Significance Assessment</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-128"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=128" title="6-8 Summary">6-8 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-33"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=33" title="7. Mitigation and Impact Management">7. Mitigation and Impact Management</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-117"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=117" title="7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation">7-1 Link between EIA process and Mitigation</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-118"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=118" title="7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation">7-2 Main Elements of Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-162"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=162" title="Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics">Activity 7A – Mitigation Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-188"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=188" title="7-3 Approaches to Mitigation">7-3 Approaches to Mitigation</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-193"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=193" title="Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts">Activity 7B – Mitigation of Specific Impacts</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-120"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=120" title="7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures">7-4 Environmental Management Plan and Mitigation Measures</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-163"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=163" title="Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation">Assignment 3 – Impact Assessment and Mitigation</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-187"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=187" title="7-5 Summary and Conclusions">7-5 Summary and Conclusions</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-34"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=34" title="8. EIA Reporting">8. EIA Reporting</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-113"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=113" title="8-1 What is an EIA Report?">8-1 What is an EIA Report?</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-114"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=114" title="8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report">8-2 Typical Elements of an EIA Report</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-164"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=164" title="Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics">Activity 8A. EIA Reporting Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-115"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=115" title="8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports">8-3 Shortcomings encountered in Preparing EIA Reports</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-116"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=116" title="8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production">8-4 Guidelines for effective EIA report preparation and production</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-165"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=165" title="Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary">Activity 8B – The Non-Technical Summary/Executive Summary</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-166"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=166" title="Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice">Activity 8C – EIA Reporting Practice</a></li> + </ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-35"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=35" title="9. Review of EIA Quality">9. Review of EIA Quality</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-104"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=104" title="9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process">9-1 Role and Purpose of the EIA Review Process</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-105"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=105" title="9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach">9-2 Need for a Systematic Approach</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-106"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=106" title="9-3 Procedural Aspects">9-3 Procedural Aspects</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-108"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=108" title="9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review">9-4 Main Steps in the EIA Review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-167"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=167" title="Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics">Activity 9A – EIA Quality Basics</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-107"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=107" title="9-5 Carrying out the review">9-5 Carrying out the review</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-168"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=168" title="Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise">Activity 9B – EIA Report Quality Assessment Exercise</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-103"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=103" title="9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports">9-6 Procedures for Evaluating EIA Reports</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-169"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=169" title="Assignment 4 – Essay/Project">Assignment 4 – Essay/Project</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-189"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=189" title="9-7 Summary">9-7 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-38"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=38" title="10. Decision-making">10. Decision-making</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-98"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=98" title="10-1 Role of the Decision-makers">10-1 Role of the Decision-makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-99"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=99" title="10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process">10-2 EIA as part of the Decision-making Process</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-170"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=170" title="Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations">Activity 10A – Decision-making: Procedural Considerations</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-96"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=96" title="10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers">10-3 Responsibility of the Decision-Makers</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-94"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=94" title="10-4 Summary">10-4 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-39"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=39" title="11. Implementation and Follow-up">11. Implementation and Follow-up</a></span> +<ul style="overflow: hidden; height: 0px;"> + <li class="page_item page-item-89"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=89" title="11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up">11-1 Key Objectives of EIA implementation and follow up</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-90"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=90" title="11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review">11-2 Tools for Environmental Management and Performance Review</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-88"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=88" title="11-3 Monitoring">11-3 Monitoring</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-171"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=171" title="Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning">Activity 11A – Implementation Management Planning</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-91"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=91" title="11-4 Environmental Auditing">11-4 Environmental Auditing</a> + <ul> + <li class="page_item page-item-172"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=172" title="Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme">Activity 11B – EMP and Audit Programme</a></li> + </ul> +</li> + <li class="page_item page-item-190"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=190" title="11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance">11-5 Evaluation of EIA Effectiveness and Performance</a></li> + <li class="page_item page-item-92"><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=92" title="11-6 Summary">11-6 Summary</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="page_item page-item-176"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=176" title="References">References</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-177"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=177" title="Definitions">Definitions</a></span></li> +<li class="page_item page-item-178"><span><a class="h" href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=178" title="Credits">Credits</a></span></li> + +</ul> + <script type="text/javascript"> + <!-- // + UNU.prepareNavigation(); + //--> + </script> +<form method="get" id="searchform" action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/"> +<div> +<input name="s" id="s" type="text"><input id="searchbtn" value="Search" type="submit"> +</div> +</form> + + </div> +<!-- end sidebar --> + + + +<div id="content"> + +<div id="padding"> + + + +<div class="post" id="post-145"> + <h1 class="storytitle">1-1 Background <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145" rel="bookmark"></a></h1> + <div class="storycontent"> + <p>This topic introduces the concept of EIA and outlines its history, +placing it within the current framework of sustainable development. +Reference is made to: +</p> +<ul> +<li>the purpose and aims of EIA; + </li> +<li>the nature and scope of environmental issues and impacts; + </li> +<li>the principles of EIA administration and practice; + </li> +<li>the concept of integrated assessment; + </li> +<li>the key elements of the EIA process; + </li> +<li>the costs and benefits of undertaking EIA; and + </li> +<li>the role of capacity building in improving EIA practice. + </li> +</ul> +<p><font size="3"><b>Learning Outcomes of this Section</b></font> +</p> +<p>On successful completion of this Section, you will be able to: +</p> +<ul> +<li>Demonstrate an introductory understanding of EIA and why it is necessary; + </li> +<li>Appreciate the worldwide influence of EIA practice. + </li> +</ul> +<p><font size="3"><b>Structure of these EIA learning materials</b></font> +</p> +<p>In this module, the EIA process is discussed in 11 Sections. +Following this introductory section, Background (Section 1), are the +following 10 Sections in order, with a brief description of the purpose +of each stage in the EIA process: +</p> +<ul> +<li>Law, Policy and Institutional Arrangements (Section 2): To provide +regulatory and legislative governance structures and requirements of EIA + processes for project proponents, EIA practitioners and stakeholders. + </li> +<li>Public involvement (Section 3): To inform the public about the +proposal and to gain the inputs of those directly affected by or +interested in the proposal. Public involvement in some form may occur +throughout the EIA process, although it tends to be focused on scoping +and review phases of EIA. + </li> +<li>Screening (Section 4): To decide whether or not a proposal should be + subject to the EIA process and, if so, at what level of detail. + </li> +<li>Scoping (Section 5): To identify the key issues and impacts that are + likely to require further investigation, and to prepare the terms of +reference for the EIA study. + </li> +<li>Impact analysis (Section 6): To identify and predict the likely +environmental and social effects of the proposal and evaluate their +significance. + </li> +<li>Mitigation and impact management (Section 7): To develop measures to + avoid, reduce or compensate for impacts, making good any environmental +damage. + </li> +<li>Reporting (Section 8 ): To describe the results of the EIA for decision-makers and other interested parties. + </li> +<li>Review of EIA quality (Section 9): To examine the adequacy of the +EIA report to see if it meets the terms of reference and provides the +information necessary for decision-making. + </li> +<li>Decision-making (Section 10): To approve or reject the proposal and +set the terms and conditions under which it can proceed. The +decision-maker also has the option to defer approval (e.g. until certain + conditions are met or to require a proponent to redesign the project so + that the environmental effects are minimised). + </li> +<li>Implementation and follow up (Section 11): To check on the +implementation of the terms and conditions of approval during the +construction and operation phases; to monitor the impacts of the project + and the effectiveness of mitigation measures; to take any actions +necessary to ameliorate problems; and, as required, to undertake audit +and evaluation to strengthen future EIA applications. + </li> +</ul> +<p>In this module you will be looking only at EIA. However, it is +important to recognise that there is a general principle of assessment +that applies to EIA, and to other assessment processes. There are +several other processes that relate closely to the review of +environmental impacts that may result from a proposed project. The +following are well recognised processes: +</p> +<ul> +<li>Social Impact Assessment + </li> +<li>Risk Assessment + </li> +<li>Life Cycle Analysis + </li> +<li> Energy Analysis + </li> +<li>Health Impact Assessment + </li> +<li>Regulatory Impact Assessment + </li> +<li>Species Impact Assessment + </li> +<li>Technology Assessment + </li> +<li>Economic Assessment + </li> +<li>Cumulative Impact Assessment + </li> +<li>Strategic Environmental Assessment + </li> +<li>Integrated Impact Assessment + </li> +</ul> +<p>Some, like Energy Analysis, focus on a particular part of the +environment. Others, like Life Cycle Analysis, enable the consideration +of all those parts of the environment that are relevant to the +assessment. Also, depending on how the terms, like health, are defined +for the study you may find that it is covering most of the issues that +would be found in an EIA. For example a Technology Assessment could +include review of the impacts on ecosystems, air quality and the like. +Similarly, if the definition of ‘environment’ is taken broadly for +an EIA, then the EIA may cover the issues of the other assessment +processes; for example: +</p> +<ul> +<li>social aspects (such as impacts on employment, community interaction); + </li> +<li>risks (such as threats to native animals, water supplies); + </li> +<li>life cycle (such as the impacts at each stage of the project – design through to operation and closure); and + </li> +<li>energy (such as use of non-renewable energy sources, Greenhouse gas emissions), etc + </li> +</ul> +<p>So there is the potential for a lot of connections between the +different forms of assessment. The essential difference between them is +how the terms, or scope of assessment, are defined – narrowly, or +broadly. Otherwise they all follow the same general principle. +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>Principle of Assessment</b></font> +</p> +<p>With all the assessment approaches noted above, they are designed to +identify potential impacts of a development, action or project. To do +this the assessor needs to use personal experience and the experiences +of others (including available knowledge) to think broadly about the +changes that are possible, and whether those impacts will be positive or + negative. +</p> +<p>Particular approaches emphasis specific types of impacts (i.e. on +health, on social groups). All have basically the same approach, +although each may have its own individual language and detailed +techniques. +</p> +<p>Most of the assessment processes also include a second step. After +identifying the impacts, they also consider what may be needed to avoid +or reduce adverse impacts. +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>Informal Assessments</b></font> +</p> +<p>In this module you will be looking at the EIA processes that are +required by governments, or by organisations that provides funds for +projects (such as the Work Bank). An EIA conducted under these processes + can be thought of as a ‘formal’ EIA, as it is required by formal +legislation or other agreement. +</p> +<p>However, in addition there are many possibilities of conducting +‘informal’ EIAs. This is especially the case where assessment is +incorporated in internal processes of corporations. Informal EIA, such +as the environment assessment associated with an Environmental +Management Systems, requires identification and documentation of +potential impacts, plus the reporting of how those impacts would be +managed. No matter whether the assessment process is formal or informal, + or what terms are used, the same principle (above) is involved. +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>Social and political nature of EIA</b></font> +</p> +<p>While EIA has been viewed as a technical process, it is inherently a +political process. EIA evolved from the politics surrounding the impacts + that development projects were having on the environment. Once +established it became dominated by technocratic approaches, which may +lead to people ignoring social, political and economic conditions. +However, EIA is political in terms of the way in which governments +legislate for EIA, and the ways in which value judgments and political +decisions, at the level of the individual, permeate virtually every +element of EIA. A significant political issue is the choice of proposals + to which EIA is applied (this is at the ‘screening‘ stage; Section +4). This can be a value judgement where one type of project requires an +EIA, while others do not. Other value judgements come into decisions +about what environmental issues should be covered in the EIA (scoping; +Section 5), which pieces of information are included in the EIA Report +(Section 8), and how the information is presented to the +decision-makers. +</p> +<p>There are ‘checks and balances’ in the EIA process to moderate +some of these influences, especially where the public has the chance to +be involved (see Section 3). However, there are few opportunities +through the stages in the EIA process for the public to be involved. +Even when they have the opportunity, the public’s ability to be involved + in the EIA process has been limited by the resources available +(especially time and expertise). +</p> +<p><font size="3"><b>Overview of issues</b></font> +</p> +<p>This module provides you with an introduction to the way in which EIA + operates. As a result the module focuses on the technical aspects of +EIA to help you understand how to conduct an EIA. +</p> +<p>The module spends only very limited time discussing other assessment +types, or the political nature of EIA. However, when you are engaged in +the technical side of EIA you are encouraged to remember these issues as + they may have an effect on the way your EIA is undertaken, and its +outcomes. +</p> +<p></p> + </div> + <div class="storycontent"> + </div> + <div class="meta">August 1, 2006 <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Uncategorized" rel="category">Uncategorized</a> — ralph @ 2:21 pm </div> + <div class="feedback"> + <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?page_id=145#comments" title="Comment on 1-1 Background">Comments (10)</a> </div> + +</div> + + +<h2 id="comments">10 Comments + <a href="#postcomment" title="Leave a comment">»</a> +</h2> + +<ol id="commentlist"> + + <li id="comment-34"> + <p>I am really impressed with this OER. It is the best online +educational resources I have ever come across. The design, arrangement +and simplicity of the material is all superb. Rating 5 on 5</p> + <p><cite>Comment by R. A. Abang — February 20, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-34">10:02 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-262"> + <p>This Course Module on EIA is of great value and interest and the principles will help in urban planing and urban administration.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Constanza Noriega — April 10, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-262">10:22 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-283"> + <p>Thanks for your positive comments. We appreciate them. </p> +<p>How do you think we can made this open educational resource even better?</p> +<p>Brendan Barrett</p> + <p><cite>Comment by brendan — April 16, 2007 @ <a href="#comment-283">1:29 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-23234"> + <p>juz wanna say thank you for the info……..it really helps…</p> + <p><cite>Comment by JLYNPITH — October 30, 2008 @ <a href="#comment-23234">11:57 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-29456"> + <p>De verdad,es muy util este curso,pero mas provechocos también a +todos los hispanos parlantes y asi sería mas interesante,Atte,Javier +Martínez Perú-Argentina</p> + <p><cite>Comment by JAVIER MARTINEZ — February 19, 2009 @ <a href="#comment-29456">7:31 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-41042"> + <p>Hi there, like the others i wanted to say that this has been +invaluable. im studying am module of this at university and these notes +are alot clearer than the ones i received!</p> +<p>To make it better – maybe off pdf version for download – as the flash + images are nice but difficult to copy the information to study?</p> +<p>Also i saw you have an SEA section, but only by altering the url at +the top did i find it – are there any links on this page for me to look +at other courses you have?</p> +<p>i think you should circulate this website to academics who can pass it on to students.. it is invaluable!</p> +<p>many thanks<br> +Jo</p> + <p><cite>Comment by Joanna Langhelt — May 18, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-41042">2:31 am</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-45288"> + <p>gives us very valuable and useful informations</p> + <p><cite>Comment by keerthan — September 12, 2010 @ <a href="#comment-45288">6:32 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-81073"> + <p>this is simple and is very useful for my studies especially when i am learning online </p> +<p>cheers<br> +John</p> + <p><cite>Comment by John — August 4, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-81073">4:58 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-97937"> + <p>the document is verry intaresting for geography and environmental menagement students for the course EIA.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by wendafrash geremu — November 16, 2012 @ <a href="#comment-97937">4:58 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + <li id="comment-108711"> + <p>Very good information for EIA Students.</p> + <p><cite>Comment by M.A.BALAN NAIR — January 23, 2013 @ <a href="#comment-108711">2:42 pm</a></cite> </p> + </li> + + +</ol> + + +<p><a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/?feed=rss2&page_id=145"><abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr> feed for comments on this post.</a> + <a href="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-trackback.php?p=145" rel="trackback">TrackBack <abbr title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</abbr></a> +</p> + +<h2 id="postcomment">Leave a comment</h2> + + +<form action="http://eia.unu.edu/course/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform"> + + +<p><input name="author" id="author" size="22" tabindex="1" type="text"> +<label for="author"><small>Name (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="email" id="email" size="22" tabindex="2" type="text"> +<label for="email"><small>Mail (will not be published) (required)</small></label></p> + +<p><input name="url" id="url" size="22" tabindex="3" type="text"> +<label for="url"><small>Website</small></label></p> + + +<!--<p><small><strong>XHTML:</strong> You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong> </small></p>--> + +<p><textarea name="comment" id="comment" cols="100%" rows="10" tabindex="4"></textarea></p> + +<p> +<input name="comment_post_ID" value="145" type="hidden"> +</p> + <script type="text/javascript"> + var RecaptchaOptions = { theme : 'white', tabindex : 5 }; 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