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| -rw-r--r-- | assignment2/mitigation.tex | 19 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | assignment2/potential-effects.tex | 93 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | assignment2/references.bib | 11 |
3 files changed, 107 insertions, 16 deletions
diff --git a/assignment2/mitigation.tex b/assignment2/mitigation.tex index 0553fe0..81fcfbf 100644 --- a/assignment2/mitigation.tex +++ b/assignment2/mitigation.tex @@ -1,3 +1,20 @@ % 530 words % Discuss the importance of mitigation in EIA and possible measures -% to address the potential impacts of the proposed development
\ No newline at end of file +% to address the potential impacts of the proposed development + +from NIWA: +http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/kaitiaki_tools/land-use/meat-processing/impacts/chemical-contaminates-and-meat-and-dairy-processing/mitigation + + - Minimise the use of water in any existing plant. + - Reuse water where possible without treating it first. + - Treat wastewater to allow its reuse. + - Optimise the use of reused water. + - Reduce the use of chemicals or use less harmful ones. + - Recycle chemicals. + - Recover and reuse spilled raw materials and products. + - Process by-products into higher value products instead of waste. + - Design or select new plant to use less water. + +NZ water problems \parencite{cullen}: +- set national priorities for water +- assist regional councils in completing plans
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assignment2/potential-effects.tex b/assignment2/potential-effects.tex index d6a09fb..d3057e7 100644 --- a/assignment2/potential-effects.tex +++ b/assignment2/potential-effects.tex @@ -1,13 +1,76 @@ % 830 words -% Dairy farming has recently expanded in the Waiwhetu region, providing -% a boost to the local economy. To cope with the increased milk -% production, a dairy company is proposing to set up a new factory. The -% factory will be located close to the Waiwhetu River, the region’s main -% waterway. To operate the new factory, the proponents want to take -% water from the river and discharge wastewater from the plant back into -% the waterway. +\section{Proposed activities and their potential effects} + +All three major stations in the lifecycle of the proposed dairy +factory have to be considered for an assessment of the potential +effects of the project: preparation of the site (displacement of +existing uses) and construction, operation, and eventual close-down of +the facility. For the purposes of this assignment only the potential +impacts of the first two stages shall be addressed as they dominate +the life cycle impacts. + + +\subsection{Preparation and construction} + +- removal of riparian vegetation + +\subsection{Expected impacts during operation} + +The major impacts of + +\subsubsection{Water allocation} + +\subsubsection{Discharge of waste water} + +The major waste material from processing milk in a dairy factory is +contaminated water that has been removed from the milk or that has +been used to clean the factory. + +from NIWA: +http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/kaitiaki_tools/land-use/meat-processing/impacts/water-resources-and-MDP + + - Changes in flow - changes in water levels and flow variability + alters available mahinga kai habitat and the invertebrates they + feed on. + + - Reduction in habitat - a decrease in water levels reduces habitat + for fish and can impact feeding and spawning success. + + - Reduction in specialist habitats - a decrease in water levels + reduces flow to riparian wetlands, backwaters, and intermittent + streams. + + - Decreases in species abundance and diversity - aquatic species + have developed life history strategies in direct response to + natural flows; for example, diadromous fish species migrate up and + down the river at various times of the year and rely on preferred + velocities and depths. + - Changes in sediment accumulation - flow reduction affects movement + and deposition of sediments in streams and rivers. + + - Changes in water quality parameters - for example, turbidity and + temperature levels can increase with reduced flows in rivers. + + - Increases in algae accumulation - algae respond to changes in + temperature and nutrients, which are likely to increase with + reduction of flow, especially during summer months. + + +- contamination +- nutrient overloading + - + +\subsection{Transportation of raw materials and produce} + + + +\subsection{Cumulative impacts} + +- must consider cumulative impact of increased dairy *farming* +- consider effects of existing factory with permits for another decade +- farm runoffs pollute the river according to locals NZ water problems \parencite{cullen}: @@ -47,11 +110,13 @@ monitoring / significance implications: - little knowledge about what the community wants and expects wrt water management - - - - - +% Dairy farming has recently expanded in the Waiwhetu region, providing +% a boost to the local economy. To cope with the increased milk +% production, a dairy company is proposing to set up a new factory. The +% factory will be located close to the Waiwhetu River, the region’s main +% waterway. To operate the new factory, the proponents want to take +% water from the river and discharge wastewater from the plant back into +% the waterway. - water allocation - 10,000 cubic metres @@ -60,8 +125,6 @@ monitoring / significance implications: - 2 degrees warmer - effect on invertebrates - cumulative effects - - other dairy factory - - farm runoffs pollute the river according to locals - social impacts - more jobs @@ -81,4 +144,4 @@ monitoring / significance implications: % quality is already being affected by waste generated from local farms % and want to see the river cleaned up. % -% Note: Waiwhetu is a fictitious region +% Note: Waiwhetu is a fictitious region
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assignment2/references.bib b/assignment2/references.bib index 6fa1336..40ef75f 100644 --- a/assignment2/references.bib +++ b/assignment2/references.bib @@ -8,6 +8,17 @@ doi={10.1111/j.1467-8489.2006.00338.x} } +@inbook{chemical, + booktitle={Chemical Processes in {N}ew {Z}ealand}, + title={Environmental issues in dairy processing}, + edition={2}, + author={Barnett, J. W. and Robertson, S. L. and Russell, J. M.}, + editors={Packer, J. E. and Robertson, J. and Wansbrough, H.}, + year={1998}, + publisher={New Zealand Institute of Chemistry, Auckland.} +} + + |