-*-text-*- Guile Hacking Guide Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. Permission is granted to distribute modified versions of this document, or of portions of it, under the above conditions, provided also that they carry prominent notices stating who last changed them, and that any new or changed statements about the activities of the Free Software Foundation are approved by the Foundation. What to Hack ========================================================= You can hack whatever you want, thank GNU. However, to see what others have indicated as their interest (and avoid potential wasteful duplication of effort), see file TODO. Note that the version you find may be out of date; a CVS checkout is recommended (see also file SNAPSHOTS). It's also a good idea to join the guile-devel@gnu.org mailing list. See http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/mail/mail.html for more info. Hacking It Yourself ================================================== As distributed, Guile needs only an ANSI C compiler and a Unix system to compile. However, Guile's makefiles, configuration scripts, and a few other files are automatically generated, not written by hand. If you want to make changes to the system (which we encourage!) you will find it helpful to have the tools we use to develop Guile. They are the following: Autoconf 2.50 --- a system for automatically generating `configure' scripts from templates which list the non-portable features a program would like to use. Available in "ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/autoconf" Automake 1.4-p4 --- a system for automatically generating Makefiles that conform to the (rather Byzantine) GNU coding standards. The nice thing is that it takes care of hairy targets like 'make dist' and 'make distclean', and automatically generates Makefile dependencies. Automake is available in "ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/automake" Before using automake, you may need to copy `threads.m4' and `guile.m4' from the top directory of the Guile core disty to `/usr/local/share/aclocal'. libtool 1.4 --- a system for managing the zillion hairy options needed on various systems to produce shared libraries. Available in "ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libtool" To avoid reported tricky errors during the Guile build: After unpacking the libtool distribution, use autoconf (2.50) to regenerate its ./configure script. Then build and install as usual. flex 2.5.4 (or newer) --- a scanner generator. earlier versions will most probably work too. You are lost in a little maze of automatically generated files, all different. Sample GDB Initialization File========================================= Here is a sample .gdbinit posted by Bill Schottstaedt (modified to use `set' instead of `call' in some places): define gp set gdb_print($arg0) print gdb_output end document gp Executes (object->string arg) end define ge call gdb_read($arg0) call gdb_eval(gdb_result) set gdb_print(gdb_result) print gdb_output end document ge Executes (print (eval (read arg))): ge "(+ 1 2)" => 3 end define gh call g_help(scm_str2symbol($arg0), 20) set gdb_print($1) print gdb_output end document gh Prints help string for arg: gh "enved-target" end Bill further writes: so in gdb if you see something useless like: #32 0x081ae8f4 in scm_primitive_load (filename=1112137128) at load.c:129 You can get the file name with gp: (gdb) gp 1112137128 $1 = 0x40853fac "\"/home/bil/test/share/guile/1.5.0/ice-9/session.scm\"" Contributing Your Changes ============================================ - If you have put together a change that meets the coding standards described below, we encourage you to submit it to Guile. The best place to post it is guile-devel@gnu.org. Please don't send it directly to me; I often don't have time to look things over. If you have tested your change, then you don't need to be shy. - Please submit patches using either context or unified diffs (diff -c or diff -u). Don't include a patch for ChangeLog; such patches don't apply cleanly, since we've probably changed the top of ChangeLog too. Instead, provide the unaltered text at the top of your patch. - For proper credit, also make sure you update the AUTHORS file (for new files for which you've assigned copyright to the FSF), or the THANKS file (for everything else). Please don't include patches for generated files like configure, aclocal.m4, or any Makefile.in. Such patches are often large, and we're just going to regenerate those files anyway. CVS conventions ====================================================== - We use CVS to manage the Guile sources. The repository lives on subversions.gnu.org, in /cvs; you will need an account on that machine to access the repository. Also, for security reasons, subversions presently only supports CVS connections via the SSH protocol, so you must first install the SSH client. Then, you should set your CVS_RSH environment variable to ssh, and use the following as your CVS root: :ext:USER@subversions.gnu.org:/cvs Either set your CVSROOT environment variable to that, or give it as the value of the global -d option to CVS when you check out a working directory. For more information on SSH, see http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh. The Guile sources live in several modules: - guile-core --- the interpreter, QuickThreads, and ice-9 - guile-tcltk --- the Guile/Tk interface - guile-tk --- the new Guile/Tk interface, based on STk's modified Tk - guile-rgx-ctax --- the Guile/Rx interface, and the ctax implementation - guile-scsh --- the port of SCSH to guile, talk to Gary Houston - guile-www --- A Guile module for making HTTP requests. - guile-statprof --- an experimental statistical profiler. There is a mailing list for CVS commit messages; see README for details. - The guile-core tree is now versioned similarly to the Linux kernel. Guile now always uses three numbers to represent the version, i.e. "1.6.5". The first number, 1, is the major version number, the second number, 6, is the minor version number, and the third number, 5, is the micro version number. Changes in major version number indicate major changes in Guile. Minor version numbers that are even denote stable releases, and odd minor version numbers denote development versions (which may be unstable). The micro version number indicates a minor sub-revision of a given MAJOR.MINOR release. - A default CVS checkout will get the current unstable development tree. However, for each stable release, a CVS branch is created so that release (and ongoing maintenance) of the stable version can proceed independent of the development of the next unstable version. To check out a particular stable branch, you just need to specify "-r branch_release-X-Y" to your CVS checkout command (or to any update). For example, if you wanted to check out the 1.6 stable branch, you would specify "-r branch_release-1-6". So, for example, during a normal development cycle, work will proceed on an unstable version, say 1.5.X, until it is decided that it's time for a stable release. At that point, a branch named branch_release-1-6 will be created, and the version numbers on the HEAD of the CVS tree (the trunk, i.e. what you get by default), will be changed to reflect the new unstable version 1.7.X. Then unstable development will proceed on the unstable version, while the stable 1.5.X branch is fixed up for the eventual 1.6.0 release. Anytime you want to yank an existing checked out tree to the stable branch, you can run a command like this: cvs -z3 update -r branch_release-1-6 -Pd This will yank the working directory over on to the stable release branch. Note that this directory will track that branch from then on unless you do something to yank it back to the main (unstable) trunk. To go back to the unstable branch, you can use cvs -z3 update -A -Pd Note that in either case, you should probably make sure you've commited or removed all local changes before running the commands or you're likely to have some unexpected results. Finally note that one approach, should you need to work on both branches, is to keep two trees checked out, one stable, the other unstable and you can work in whichever is appropriate. To save some initial bandwidth, you can check out either the stable tree or the unstable tree, and then do something like this: cp -a core-unstable core-1.5 cd core-1.5 cvs -z3 update -r branch_release-1-6 -Pd - The stable and unstable CVS trees are distinct, and no changes will automatically propagate between them. If you make changes that need to show up both places, you'll need to apply the changes both places. You *might* be able to do this with a cvs command, but often you'll probably need to apply the changes by hand or risk migrating superfluous modifications between the two versions. This is particularly important when moving a change from the unstable branch to the stable branch. - In general, please don't be adventurous with the stable branch. We mostly want bugfixes, documentation improvements, build improvements, etc., though exceptions will doubtless exist. - There are a few CVS tagging conventions which follow the Scheme convention that dashes are used to separate words within a single symbol, and so dashes bind more tightly than underscores. This means that foo-bar_baz-bax indicates that foo-bar is somehow separate from baz-bax. The conventions are as follows: Branch root tags: ----------------- anytime just before you create a branch it's a good idea to create a normal tag so that you can refer to the branch point on the main trunk as well as on the branch. So please use a tag of the form branch-root-release-1-X or more generally, for other non-release branches: branch-root_FOO Branch tags: ------------ for the branch tag itself please use branch_release-1-6 or more generally, for other non-release branches: branch_FOO Merge tags: ----------- Whenever you're merging a branch back into the trunk (or into another branch repeatedly) you need to tag the branch each time you merge. If you don't do that, you won't be able to merge repeatedly without possibly tedious conflicts. For those tags, we suggest: branch-merge_SOME-FOO_to_SOME-BAR_1 branch-merge_SOME-FOO_to_SOME-BAR_2 .. As an example, SOME-BAR might be trunk, or even perhaps another branch like branch-mvo-super-fixes :> More mundanely, you might have branch-merge_release-1-6_to_trunk_1 (Merging the stable branch to the trunk like this will probably be much more common, when it happens, than the reverse for the reasons mentioned above. Release tags: ------------- When releasing a new version of guile, please use: release_X-Y-Z i.e. release_1-6-0 - If you hack on a stable branch, please apply any relevant patches or fixes to the current unstable version (the main CVS trunk) as well. Similarly, please back-port any important fixes to the unstable CVS tree to the current stable branch. - We check Makefile.am and configure.in files into CVS, but the "autogen.sh" script must be run from the top-level to generate the actual "configure" script that then must be run to create the various Makefile-s to build guile. The general rule is that you should be able to check out a working directory of Guile from CVS, and then type "./autogen.sh", then "configure", and finally "make". No automatically generated files should be checked into the CVS repository. - The .cvsignore file is contained in the repository, to provide a reasonable list of auto-generated files that should not be checked in. This, however, prohibits one from having local additions to the .cvsignore file (yes, you can modify it and never check it in, but that doesn't seem to be a good solution to me). To get around this problem, you might want to patch your cvs program so that it uses a .cvsignore-local file (say) instead of the one from the repository. A patch for this can be found at the very end of this file. - (Automake 1.4 only) Be sure to run automake at the top of the tree with no arguments. Do not use `automake Makefile' to regenerate specific Makefile.in files, and do not trust the Makefile rules to rebuild them when they are out of date. Automake 1.4 will add extraneous rules to the top-level Makefile if you specify specific Makefiles to rebuild on the command line. Running the command `autoreconf --force' should take care of everything correctly. - Make sure your changes compile and work, at least on your own machine, before checking them into the main branch of the Guile repository. If you really need to check in untested changes, make a branch. - Include each log entry in both the ChangeLog and in the CVS logs. If you're using Emacs, the pcl-cvs interface to CVS has features to make this easier; it checks the ChangeLog, and generates good default CVS log entries from that. Coding standards ===================================================== - Before contributing larger amounts of code to Guile, please read the documents in `guile-core/devel/policy' in the CVS source tree. - As for any part of Project GNU, changes to Guile should follow the GNU coding standards. The standards are available via anonymous FTP from prep.ai.mit.edu, as /pub/gnu/standards/standards.texi and make-stds.texi. - The Guile tree should compile without warnings under the following GCC switches, which are the default in the current configure script: -O2 -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wmissing-prototypes To make sure of this, you can use the --enable-error-on-warning option to configure. This option will make GCC fail if it hits a warning. Note that the warnings generated vary from one version of GCC to the next, and from one architecture to the next (apparently). To provide a concrete common standard, Guile should compile without warnings from GCC 2.7.2.3 in a Red Hat 5.2 i386 Linux machine. Furthermore, each developer should pursue any additional warnings noted by on their compiler. This means that people using more stringent compilers will have more work to do, and assures that everyone won't switch to the most lenient compiler they can find. :) Note also that EGCS (as of November 3 1998) doesn't handle the `noreturn' attribute properly, so it doesn't understand that functions like scm_error won't return. This may lead to some silly warnings about uninitialized variables. You should look into these warnings to make sure they are indeed spurious, but you needn't correct warnings caused by this EGCS bug. - If you add code which uses functions or other features that are not entirely portable, please make sure the rest of Guile will still function properly on systems where they are missing. This usually entails adding a test to configure.in, and then adding #ifdefs to your code to disable it if the system's features are missing. - The normal way of removing a function, macro or variable is to mark it as "deprecated", keep it for a while, and remove it in a later release. If a function or macro is marked as "deprecated" it indicates that people shouldn't use it in new programs, and should try to remove it in old. Make sure that an alternative exists unless it is our purpose to remove functionality. Don't deprecate definitions if it is unclear when they will be removed. (This is to ensure that a valid way of implementing some functionality always exists.) When deprecating a definition, always follow this procedure: 1. Mark the definition using #if (SCM_DEBUG_DEPRECATED == 0) ... #endif or, for Scheme code, wrap it using (begin-deprecated ...) 2. Make the deprecated code issue a warning when it is used, by using scm_c_issue_deprecation_warning (in C) or issue-deprecation-warning (in Scheme). 3. Write a comment at the definition explaining how a programmer can manage without the deprecated definition. 4. Add an entry that the definition has been deprecated in NEWS and explain what do do instead. 5. In file TODO, there is a list of releases with reminders about what to do at each release. Add a reminder about the removal of the deprecated defintion at the appropriate release. - Please write log entries for functions written in C under the functions' C names, and write log entries for functions written in Scheme under the functions' Scheme names. Please don't do this: * procs.c, procs.h (procedure-documentation): Moved from eval.c. Entries like this make it harder to search the ChangeLogs, because you can never tell which name the entry will refer to. Instead, write this: * procs.c, procs.h (scm_procedure_documentation): Moved from eval.c. Changes like adding this line are special: SCM_PROC (s_map_in_order, "map-in-order", 2, 0, 1, scm_map); Since the change here is about the name itself --- we're adding a new alias for scm_map that guarantees the order in which we process list elements, but we're not changing scm_map at all --- it's appropriate to use the Scheme name in the log entry. - There's no need to keep a change log for a ChangeLog file. For any other kind of file (including documentation, since our documentation is indeed precisely engineered -- we surpass GNU standards here), add an appropriate ChangeLog entry when you change it. Simple! - Make sure you have papers from people before integrating their changes or contributions. This is very frustrating, but very important to do right. From maintain.texi, "Information for Maintainers of GNU Software": When incorporating changes from other people, make sure to follow the correct procedures. Doing this ensures that the FSF has the legal right to distribute and defend GNU software. For the sake of registering the copyright on later versions ofthe software you need to keep track of each person who makes significant changes. A change of ten lines or so, or a few such changes, in a large program is not significant. *Before* incorporating significant changes, make sure that the person has signed copyright papers, and that the Free Software Foundation has received them. If you receive contributions you want to use from someone, let me know and I'll take care of the administrivia. Put the contributions aside until we have the necessary papers. Once you accept a contribution, be sure to keep the files AUTHORS and THANKS uptodate. - When you make substantial changes to a file, add the current year to the list of years in the copyright notice at the top of the file. - When you get bug reports or patches from people, be sure to list them in THANKS. Naming conventions ================================================= We use certain naming conventions to structure the considerable number of global identifiers. All identifiers should be either all lower case or all upper case. Syllables are separated by underscores `_'. All non-static identifiers should start with scm_ or SCM_. Then might follow zero or more syllables giving the category of the identifier. The currently used category identifiers are t - type name c,C - something with a interface suited for C use. This is used to name functions that behave like Scheme primitives but have a more C friendly calling convention. i,I - internal to libguile. It is global, but not considered part of the libguile API. f - a SCM variable pointing to a Scheme function object. F - a bit mask for a flag. m - a macro transformer procedure n,N - a count of something s - a constant C string k - a SCM variable pointing to a keyword. sym - a SCM variable pointing to a symbol. var - a SCM variable pointing to a variable object. The follwing syllables also have a technical meaning: str - this denotes a zero terminated C string mem - a C string with an explicit count See also the file `devel/names.text'. Helpful hints ======================================================== - [From Mikael Djurfeldt] When working on the Guile internals, it is quite often practical to implement a scheme-level procedure which helps you examine the feature you're working on. Examples of such procedures are: pt-size, debug-hand and current-pstate. I've now put #ifdef GUILE_DEBUG around all such procedures, so that they are not compiled into the "normal" Guile library. Please do the same when you add new procedures/C functions for debugging purpose. You can define the GUILE_DEBUG flag by passing --enable-guile-debug to the configure script. - You'll see uses of the macro SCM_P scattered throughout the code; those are vestiges of a time when Guile was meant to compile on pre-ANSI compilers. Guile now requires ANSI C, so when you write new functions, feel free to use ANSI declarations, and please provide prototypes for everything. You don't need to use SCM_P in new code. Jim Blandy, and others Patches =========================================================== This one makes cvs-1.10 consider the file $CVSDOTIGNORE instead of .cvsignore when that environment variable is set. === patch start === diff -r -u cvs-1.10/src/cvs.h cvs-1.10.ignore-hack/src/cvs.h --- cvs-1.10/src/cvs.h Mon Jul 27 04:54:11 1998 +++ cvs-1.10.ignore-hack/src/cvs.h Sun Jan 23 12:58:09 2000 @@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ extern int ign_name PROTO ((char *name)); void ign_add PROTO((char *ign, int hold)); -void ign_add_file PROTO((char *file, int hold)); +int ign_add_file PROTO((char *file, int hold)); void ign_setup PROTO((void)); void ign_dir_add PROTO((char *name)); int ignore_directory PROTO((char *name)); diff -r -u cvs-1.10/src/ignore.c cvs-1.10.ignore-hack/src/ignore.c --- cvs-1.10/src/ignore.c Mon Sep 8 01:04:15 1997 +++ cvs-1.10.ignore-hack/src/ignore.c Sun Jan 23 12:57:50 2000 @@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ /* * Open a file and read lines, feeding each line to a line parser. Arrange * for keeping a temporary list of wildcards at the end, if the "hold" - * argument is set. + * argument is set. Return true when the file exists and has been handled. */ -void +int ign_add_file (file, hold) char *file; int hold; @@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ if (fp == NULL) { if (! existence_error (errno)) - error (0, errno, "cannot open %s", file); - return; + error (0, errno, "cannot open %s", file); + return 0; } while (getline (&line, &line_allocated, fp) >= 0) ign_add (line, hold); @@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ if (fclose (fp) < 0) error (0, errno, "cannot close %s", file); free (line); + return 1; } /* Parse a line of space-separated wildcards and add them to the list. */ @@ -375,6 +376,7 @@ struct stat sb; char *file; char *xdir; + char *cvsdotignore; /* Set SUBDIRS if we have subdirectory information in ENTRIES. */ if (entries == NULL) @@ -397,7 +399,10 @@ if (dirp == NULL) return; - ign_add_file (CVSDOTIGNORE, 1); + cvsdotignore = getenv("CVSDOTIGNORE"); + if (cvsdotignore == NULL || !ign_add_file (cvsdotignore, 1)) + ign_add_file (CVSDOTIGNORE, 1); + wrap_add_file (CVSDOTWRAPPER, 1); while ((dp = readdir (dirp)) != NULL) === patch end === This one is for pcl-cvs-2.9.2, so that `i' adds to the local .cvsignore file. === patch start === --- pcl-cvs.el~ Mon Nov 1 12:33:46 1999 +++ pcl-cvs.el Tue Jan 25 21:46:27 2000 @@ -1177,7 +1177,10 @@ "Append the file in FILEINFO to the .cvsignore file. Can only be used in the *cvs* buffer." (save-window-excursion - (set-buffer (find-file-noselect (expand-file-name ".cvsignore" dir))) + (set-buffer (find-file-noselect + (expand-file-name (or (getenv "CVSDOTIGNORE") + ".cvsignore") + dir))) (goto-char (point-max)) (unless (zerop (current-column)) (insert "\n")) (insert str "\n") === patch end ===