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-rw-r--r--NEWS31
-rw-r--r--libguile/deprecated.c51
-rw-r--r--libguile/deprecated.h6
-rw-r--r--libguile/print.c5
-rw-r--r--libguile/procs.c5
-rw-r--r--libguile/stacks.c4
-rw-r--r--libguile/struct.c29
-rw-r--r--libguile/struct.h5
-rw-r--r--module/ice-9/boot-9.scm8
-rw-r--r--test-suite/tests/coverage.test6
-rw-r--r--test-suite/tests/structs.test70
11 files changed, 139 insertions, 81 deletions
diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
index 7ce583b9b..f13f40a86 100644
--- a/NEWS
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -26,6 +26,37 @@ If you don't care whether the URI is a relative-ref or not, use
In the future `uri?' will return a true value only for URIs that specify
a scheme.
+** Tail arrays deprecated
+
+Guile's structures used to have a facility whereby each instance of a
+vtable can contain a variable-length tail array of values. The length
+of the tail array was stored in the structure. This facility was
+originally intended to allow C code to expose raw C structures with
+word-sized tail arrays to Scheme.
+
+However, the tail array facility was confusing and doesn't work very
+well. It was very rarely used, but it insinuates itself into all
+invocations of `make-struct'. For this reason the clumsily-named
+`make-struct/no-tail' procedure can actually be more elegant in actual
+use, because it doesn't have a random `0' argument stuck in the middle.
+
+Tail arrays also inhibit optimization by allowing instances to affect
+their shapes. In the absence of tail arrays, all instances of a given
+vtable have the same number and kinds of fields. This uniformity can be
+exploited by the runtime and the optimizer. The presence of tail arrays
+make some of these optimizations more difficult.
+
+Finally, the tail array facility is ad-hoc and does not compose with the
+rest of Guile. If a Guile user wants an array with user-specified
+length, it's best to use a vector. It is more clear in the code, and
+the standard optimization techniques will do a good job with it.
+
+For all of these reasons, tail arrays are deprecated in Guile 2.2 and
+will be removed from Guile 3.0. Likewise, `make-struct' /
+`scm_make_struct' is deprecated in favor of `make-struct/no-tail' /
+`scm_make_struct_no_tail'. Perhaps one day we will be able to reclaim
+the `make-struct' name!
+
* Bug fixes
** Enable GNU Readline 7.0's support for "bracketed paste".
diff --git a/libguile/deprecated.c b/libguile/deprecated.c
index cee6b1d74..9d94bc2d8 100644
--- a/libguile/deprecated.c
+++ b/libguile/deprecated.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
deprecate something, move it here when that is feasible.
*/
-/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
#define SCM_BUILDING_DEPRECATED_CODE
+#include <alloca.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
@@ -954,6 +955,54 @@ SCM_FDES_RANDOM_P (int fdes)
+SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_struct, "make-struct", 2, 0, 1,
+ (SCM vtable, SCM tail_array_size, SCM init),
+ "Create a new structure.\n\n"
+ "@var{vtable} must be a vtable structure (@pxref{Vtables}).\n\n"
+ "@var{tail_array_size} must be a non-negative integer. If the layout\n"
+ "specification indicated by @var{vtable} includes a tail-array,\n"
+ "this is the number of elements allocated to that array.\n\n"
+ "The @var{init1}, @dots{} are optional arguments describing how\n"
+ "successive fields of the structure should be initialized. Only fields\n"
+ "with protection 'r' or 'w' can be initialized, except for fields of\n"
+ "type 's', which are automatically initialized to point to the new\n"
+ "structure itself. Fields with protection 'o' can not be initialized by\n"
+ "Scheme programs.\n\n"
+ "If fewer optional arguments than initializable fields are supplied,\n"
+ "fields of type 'p' get default value #f while fields of type 'u' are\n"
+ "initialized to 0.")
+#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_make_struct
+{
+ size_t i, n_init;
+ long ilen;
+ scm_t_bits *v;
+
+ scm_c_issue_deprecation_warning
+ ("make-struct is deprecated. Use make-struct/no-tail instead.");
+
+ SCM_VALIDATE_VTABLE (1, vtable);
+ ilen = scm_ilength (init);
+ if (ilen < 0)
+ SCM_MISC_ERROR ("Rest arguments do not form a proper list.", SCM_EOL);
+
+ n_init = (size_t)ilen;
+
+ /* best to use alloca, but init could be big, so hack to avoid a possible
+ stack overflow */
+ if (n_init < 64)
+ v = alloca (n_init * sizeof(scm_t_bits));
+ else
+ v = scm_gc_malloc (n_init * sizeof(scm_t_bits), "struct");
+
+ for (i = 0; i < n_init; i++, init = SCM_CDR (init))
+ v[i] = SCM_UNPACK (SCM_CAR (init));
+
+ return scm_c_make_structv (vtable, scm_to_size_t (tail_array_size), n_init, v);
+}
+#undef FUNC_NAME
+
+
+
void
scm_i_init_deprecated ()
{
diff --git a/libguile/deprecated.h b/libguile/deprecated.h
index 2c49076a1..68cd65448 100644
--- a/libguile/deprecated.h
+++ b/libguile/deprecated.h
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
#ifndef SCM_DEPRECATED_H
#define SCM_DEPRECATED_H
-/* Copyright (C) 2003,2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 2003,2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
@@ -274,6 +274,10 @@ SCM_DEPRECATED int SCM_FDES_RANDOM_P (int fdes);
+SCM_DEPRECATED SCM scm_make_struct (SCM vtable, SCM tail_array_size, SCM init);
+
+
+
void scm_i_init_deprecated (void);
#endif
diff --git a/libguile/print.c b/libguile/print.c
index 7667d24bb..4d57a877d 100644
--- a/libguile/print.c
+++ b/libguile/print.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
/* Copyright (C) 1995-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008,
- * 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ * 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
@@ -194,8 +194,7 @@ SCM_DEFINE (scm_current_pstate, "current-pstate", 0, 0, 0,
static SCM
make_print_state (void)
{
- SCM print_state
- = scm_make_struct (scm_print_state_vtable, SCM_INUM0, SCM_EOL);
+ SCM print_state = scm_make_struct_no_tail (scm_print_state_vtable, SCM_EOL);
scm_print_state *pstate = SCM_PRINT_STATE (print_state);
pstate->ref_vect = scm_c_make_vector (PSTATE_SIZE, SCM_UNDEFINED);
pstate->ceiling = SCM_SIMPLE_VECTOR_LENGTH (pstate->ref_vect);
diff --git a/libguile/procs.c b/libguile/procs.c
index 08c5c355e..2329f4a1b 100644
--- a/libguile/procs.c
+++ b/libguile/procs.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
/* Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2008, 2009,
- * 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ * 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@ SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_procedure_with_setter, "make-procedure-with-setter", 2, 0,
{
SCM_VALIDATE_PROC (1, procedure);
SCM_VALIDATE_PROC (2, setter);
- return scm_make_struct (pws_vtable, SCM_INUM0,
- scm_list_2 (procedure, setter));
+ return scm_make_struct_no_tail (pws_vtable, scm_list_2 (procedure, setter));
}
#undef FUNC_NAME
diff --git a/libguile/stacks.c b/libguile/stacks.c
index 9bd2db8de..76e10faf3 100644
--- a/libguile/stacks.c
+++ b/libguile/stacks.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
/* A stack holds a frame chain
- * Copyright (C) 1996,1997,2000,2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Free Software Foundation
+ * Copyright (C) 1996,1997,2000,2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_stack, "make-stack", 1, 0, 1,
if (n > 0)
{
/* Make the stack object. */
- SCM stack = scm_make_struct (scm_stack_type, SCM_INUM0, SCM_EOL);
+ SCM stack = scm_make_struct_no_tail (scm_stack_type, SCM_EOL);
SCM_SET_STACK_LENGTH (stack, n);
SCM_SET_STACK_ID (stack, scm_stack_id (obj));
SCM_SET_STACK_FRAME (stack, scm_c_make_frame (kind, &frame));
diff --git a/libguile/struct.c b/libguile/struct.c
index 51c0f111d..78099ac45 100644
--- a/libguile/struct.c
+++ b/libguile/struct.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-/* Copyright (C) 1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007,
- * 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1996-2001, 2003-2004, 2006-2013, 2015,
+ * 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
@@ -553,13 +553,10 @@ SCM_DEFINE (scm_allocate_struct, "allocate-struct", 2, 0, 0,
}
#undef FUNC_NAME
-SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_struct, "make-struct", 2, 0, 1,
- (SCM vtable, SCM tail_array_size, SCM init),
+SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_struct_no_tail, "make-struct/no-tail", 1, 0, 1,
+ (SCM vtable, SCM init),
"Create a new structure.\n\n"
"@var{vtable} must be a vtable structure (@pxref{Vtables}).\n\n"
- "@var{tail_array_size} must be a non-negative integer. If the layout\n"
- "specification indicated by @var{vtable} includes a tail-array,\n"
- "this is the number of elements allocated to that array.\n\n"
"The @var{init1}, @dots{} are optional arguments describing how\n"
"successive fields of the structure should be initialized. Only fields\n"
"with protection 'r' or 'w' can be initialized, except for fields of\n"
@@ -569,7 +566,7 @@ SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_struct, "make-struct", 2, 0, 1,
"If fewer optional arguments than initializable fields are supplied,\n"
"fields of type 'p' get default value #f while fields of type 'u' are\n"
"initialized to 0.")
-#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_make_struct
+#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_make_struct_no_tail
{
size_t i, n_init;
long ilen;
@@ -592,7 +589,7 @@ SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_struct, "make-struct", 2, 0, 1,
for (i = 0; i < n_init; i++, init = SCM_CDR (init))
v[i] = SCM_UNPACK (SCM_CAR (init));
- return scm_c_make_structv (vtable, scm_to_size_t (tail_array_size), n_init, v);
+ return scm_c_make_structv (vtable, 0, n_init, v);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME
@@ -638,9 +635,9 @@ SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_vtable, "make-vtable", 1, 1, 0,
if (SCM_UNBNDP (printer))
printer = SCM_BOOL_F;
- return scm_make_struct (scm_standard_vtable_vtable, SCM_INUM0,
- scm_list_2 (scm_make_struct_layout (fields),
- printer));
+ return scm_c_make_struct (scm_standard_vtable_vtable, 0, 2,
+ SCM_UNPACK (scm_make_struct_layout (fields)),
+ SCM_UNPACK (printer));
}
#undef FUNC_NAME
@@ -1002,8 +999,8 @@ scm_init_struct ()
scm_define (name, scm_standard_vtable_vtable);
scm_applicable_struct_vtable_vtable =
- scm_make_struct (scm_standard_vtable_vtable, SCM_INUM0,
- scm_list_1 (scm_make_struct_layout (required_vtable_fields)));
+ scm_c_make_struct (scm_standard_vtable_vtable, 0, 1,
+ SCM_UNPACK (scm_make_struct_layout (required_vtable_fields)));
name = scm_from_utf8_symbol ("<applicable-struct-vtable>");
SCM_SET_VTABLE_FLAGS (scm_applicable_struct_vtable_vtable,
SCM_VTABLE_FLAG_APPLICABLE_VTABLE);
@@ -1011,8 +1008,8 @@ scm_init_struct ()
scm_define (name, scm_applicable_struct_vtable_vtable);
scm_applicable_struct_with_setter_vtable_vtable =
- scm_make_struct (scm_standard_vtable_vtable, SCM_INUM0,
- scm_list_1 (scm_make_struct_layout (required_vtable_fields)));
+ scm_c_make_struct (scm_standard_vtable_vtable, 0, 1,
+ SCM_UNPACK (scm_make_struct_layout (required_vtable_fields)));
name = scm_from_utf8_symbol ("<applicable-struct-with-setter-vtable>");
scm_set_struct_vtable_name_x (scm_applicable_struct_with_setter_vtable_vtable, name);
SCM_SET_VTABLE_FLAGS (scm_applicable_struct_with_setter_vtable_vtable,
diff --git a/libguile/struct.h b/libguile/struct.h
index e8db316c8..257e40e1e 100644
--- a/libguile/struct.h
+++ b/libguile/struct.h
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
#ifndef SCM_STRUCT_H
#define SCM_STRUCT_H
-/* Copyright (C) 1995,1997,1999,2000,2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Copyright (C) 1995,1997,1999-2001, 2006-2013, 2015,
+ * 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ SCM_API SCM scm_make_struct_layout (SCM fields);
SCM_API SCM scm_struct_p (SCM x);
SCM_API SCM scm_struct_vtable_p (SCM x);
SCM_INTERNAL SCM scm_allocate_struct (SCM vtable, SCM n_words);
-SCM_API SCM scm_make_struct (SCM vtable, SCM tail_array_size, SCM init);
+SCM_API SCM scm_make_struct_no_tail (SCM vtable, SCM init);
SCM_API SCM scm_c_make_struct (SCM vtable, size_t n_tail, size_t n_inits,
scm_t_bits init, ...);
SCM_API SCM scm_c_make_structv (SCM vtable, size_t n_tail, size_t n_inits,
diff --git a/module/ice-9/boot-9.scm b/module/ice-9/boot-9.scm
index 7f8962b51..7127d73f7 100644
--- a/module/ice-9/boot-9.scm
+++ b/module/ice-9/boot-9.scm
@@ -208,14 +208,6 @@ This is handy for tracing function calls, e.g.:
-;;; {Structs}
-;;;
-
-(define (make-struct/no-tail vtable . args)
- (apply make-struct vtable 0 args))
-
-
-
;;; {map and for-each}
;;;
diff --git a/test-suite/tests/coverage.test b/test-suite/tests/coverage.test
index c1b417f03..96d174418 100644
--- a/test-suite/tests/coverage.test
+++ b/test-suite/tests/coverage.test
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
;;;; coverage.test --- Code coverage. -*- mode: scheme; coding: utf-8; -*-
;;;;
-;;;; Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+;;;; Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
;;;;
;;;; This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
;;;; modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
@@ -248,9 +248,9 @@
(zero? (procedure-execution-count data proc))))))
(pass-if "applicable struct"
- (let* ((<box> (make-struct <applicable-struct-vtable> 0 'pw))
+ (let* ((<box> (make-struct/no-tail <applicable-struct-vtable> 'pw))
(proc (lambda args (length args)))
- (b (make-struct <box> 0 proc)))
+ (b (make-struct/no-tail <box> proc)))
(let-values (((data result)
(with-code-coverage b)))
(and (coverage-data? data)
diff --git a/test-suite/tests/structs.test b/test-suite/tests/structs.test
index 0e3b2417e..c18e42194 100644
--- a/test-suite/tests/structs.test
+++ b/test-suite/tests/structs.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
;;;; structs.test --- Structures. -*- mode: scheme; coding: utf-8; -*-
;;;; Ludovic Courtès <ludo@gnu.org>, 2006-06-12.
;;;;
-;;;; Copyright (C) 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+;;;; Copyright (C) 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
;;;;
;;;; This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
;;;; modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@
(make-vtable (string-append standard-vtable-fields "pr") 0))
(define (make-ball-type ball-color)
- (make-struct ball-root 0
- (make-struct-layout "pw")
- (lambda (ball port)
- (format port "#<a ~A ball owned by ~A>"
- (color ball)
- (owner ball)))
- ball-color))
+ (make-struct/no-tail ball-root
+ (make-struct-layout "pw")
+ (lambda (ball port)
+ (format port "#<a ~A ball owned by ~A>"
+ (color ball)
+ (owner ball)))
+ ball-color))
(define (color ball) (struct-ref (struct-vtable ball) vtable-offset-user))
(define (owner ball) (struct-ref ball 0))
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
(define red (make-ball-type 'red))
(define green (make-ball-type 'green))
-(define (make-ball type owner) (make-struct type 0 owner))
+(define (make-ball type owner) (make-struct/no-tail type owner))
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
(pass-if "struct-set!"
(let* ((v (make-vtable "pw"))
- (s (make-struct v 0))
+ (s (make-struct/no-tail v))
(r (struct-set! s 0 'a)))
(eq? r
(struct-ref s 0)
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@
(pass-if-exception "struct-ref out-of-range"
exception:out-of-range
(let* ((v (make-vtable "prpr"))
- (s (make-struct v 0 'a 'b)))
+ (s (make-struct/no-tail v 'a 'b)))
(struct-ref s 2)))
(pass-if-exception "struct-set! out-of-range"
exception:out-of-range
(let* ((v (make-vtable "pwpw"))
- (s (make-struct v 0 'a 'b)))
+ (s (make-struct/no-tail v 'a 'b)))
(struct-set! s 2 'c))))
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
(pass-if "simple structs"
(let* ((vtable (make-vtable "pr"))
- (s1 (make-struct vtable 0 "hello"))
- (s2 (make-struct vtable 0 "hello")))
+ (s1 (make-struct/no-tail vtable "hello"))
+ (s2 (make-struct/no-tail vtable "hello")))
(equal? s1 s2)))
(pass-if "more complex structs"
@@ -131,22 +131,22 @@
(pass-if "simple structs"
(let* ((v (make-vtable "pr"))
- (s1 (make-struct v 0 "hello"))
- (s2 (make-struct v 0 "hello")))
+ (s1 (make-struct/no-tail v "hello"))
+ (s2 (make-struct/no-tail v "hello")))
(= (hash s1 7777) (hash s2 7777))))
(pass-if "different structs"
(let* ((v (make-vtable "pr"))
- (s1 (make-struct v 0 "hello"))
- (s2 (make-struct v 0 "world")))
+ (s1 (make-struct/no-tail v "hello"))
+ (s2 (make-struct/no-tail v "world")))
(or (not (= (hash s1 7777) (hash s2 7777)))
(throw 'unresolved))))
(pass-if "different struct types"
(let* ((v1 (make-vtable "pr"))
(v2 (make-vtable "pr"))
- (s1 (make-struct v1 0 "hello"))
- (s2 (make-struct v2 0 "hello")))
+ (s1 (make-struct/no-tail v1 "hello"))
+ (s2 (make-struct/no-tail v2 "hello")))
(or (not (= (hash s1 7777) (hash s2 7777)))
(throw 'unresolved))))
@@ -157,14 +157,14 @@
(pass-if "struct with weird fields"
(let* ((v (make-vtable "prurph"))
- (s1 (make-struct v 0 "hello" 123 "invisible-secret1"))
- (s2 (make-struct v 0 "hello" 123 "invisible-secret2")))
+ (s1 (make-struct/no-tail v "hello" 123 "invisible-secret1"))
+ (s2 (make-struct/no-tail v "hello" 123 "invisible-secret2")))
(= (hash s1 7777) (hash s2 7777))))
(pass-if "cyclic structs"
(let* ((v (make-vtable "pw"))
- (a (make-struct v 0 #f))
- (b (make-struct v 0 a)))
+ (a (make-struct/no-tail v #f))
+ (b (make-struct/no-tail v a)))
(struct-set! a 0 b)
(and (hash a 7777) (hash b 7777) #t))))
@@ -173,9 +173,6 @@
;; make-struct
;;
-(define exception:bad-tail
- (cons 'misc-error "tail array not allowed unless"))
-
(with-test-prefix "make-struct"
;; in guile 1.8.1 and earlier, this caused an error throw out of an
@@ -184,19 +181,8 @@
;;
(pass-if-exception "wrong type for `u' field" exception:wrong-type-arg
(let* ((vv (make-vtable standard-vtable-fields))
- (v (make-struct vv 0 (make-struct-layout "uw"))))
- (make-struct v 0 'x)))
-
- ;; In guile 1.8.1 and earlier, and 1.6.8 and earlier, there was no check
- ;; on a tail array being created without an R/W/O type for it. This left
- ;; it uninitialized by scm_struct_init(), resulting in garbage getting
- ;; into an SCM when struct-ref read it (and attempting to print a garbage
- ;; SCM can cause a segv).
- ;;
- (pass-if-exception "no R/W/O for tail array" exception:bad-tail
- (let* ((vv (make-vtable standard-vtable-fields))
- (v (make-struct vv 0 (make-struct-layout "pw"))))
- (make-struct v 123 'x))))
+ (v (make-struct/no-tail vv (make-struct-layout "uw"))))
+ (make-struct/no-tail v 'x))))
;;
;; make-vtable
@@ -206,7 +192,7 @@
(pass-if "without printer"
(let* ((vtable (make-vtable "pwpr"))
- (struct (make-struct vtable 0 'x 'y)))
+ (struct (make-struct/no-tail vtable 'x 'y)))
(and (eq? 'x (struct-ref struct 0))
(eq? 'y (struct-ref struct 1)))))
@@ -216,7 +202,7 @@
(display "hello" port))
(let* ((vtable (make-vtable "pwpr" print))
- (struct (make-struct vtable 0 'x 'y))
+ (struct (make-struct/no-tail vtable 'x 'y))
(str (call-with-output-string
(lambda (port)
(display struct port)))))